into the selection frequency of resistant mutants and the bacterial kill rate by lev-ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in non-mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis patients. In vitro pharmacodynamic modeling simulating free serum concentrations of fluoro-quinolones against multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. a novel fluoro-quinolone, activity against important respirat...

Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a major cause of infection in both children and adults, annually resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. The past two decades have seen an alarming worldwide increase in the incidence of drug-resistant S. pneumoniae (DRSP). DRSP is now common throughout the United States, and physicians are questioning how best to approach this epidemic. With the intro...

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of pneumonia, meningitis, septicemia, acute otitis media, and other serious infections, severely affecting infants, young children, and the elderly. In the past, S. pneumoniae was uniformly susceptible to penicillin, which remained the drug of choice for serious infections. However, since the mid-1960s, resistance to penicillin, which was first reported...

To the Editor: In recent years, antimicrobial drug resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae has increased worldwide and is a major health concern. Resistance to β-lac-tams and macrolides, considered to be first-line therapeutic agents, is particularly high in France and many Asian countries (1–3). Resistance to new fluoroquinolones is reported with increasing frequency, which emphasizes the need ...

To the Editor: In pneumococci, resistance to fluoroquinolones is associated with chromosomal mutations in the quinolone-resistance–determining regions (QRDR) of type II topoiso-merase enzymes, predominantly gyrA and parC. Several mutations have been described in these enzymes, but only a few have been shown by in vitro studies to confer resistance: S81F or Y, C, or I and E85K in gyrA; E474K in ...

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity at the extremes of age. With increasing antibiotic resistance, its accurate early identification is important for initial management [1]. Its identification in clinical laboratories relies on colony morphology, α-haemolysis on blood agar, and optochin susceptibility. The bile solubility test, although simpl...

Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 13, No. 5, May 2007 801 We believe that patients with severe combined immunodefi ciency and any form of mild local changes at the BCG injection site should be given single or double anti-TB therapy, which should be continued until complete immunologic reconstitution occurs after bone marrow transplant. Severe local BCG infection with regiona...

The aims of present paper were to determine the susceptibility of the strains to the most usual antibiotics in clinical practice and to review the current recommendations to guide the most appropriate treatment. During the period october 2000 to september 2002, the patient's data (age and sex), source of the sample, diagnosis and antibiotic susceptibility were collected on Streptococcus pneumon...

Prolonged outbreaks of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in health care facilities are uncommon. We found persistent transmission of a fluroquinolone-resistant S. pneumoniae clone during 2006-2011 in a post-acute care facility in Israel, despite mandatory vaccination and fluoroquinolone restriction. Capsular switch and multiple antimicrobial nonsusceptibility mutations occurred withi...