cryptosporial and bacterial co-infection is reported in a budgerigar with clinical manifestations of septicemia and respiratory tract infection. microscopically large number of round to oval 2-5μm cryptosporidial organisms were found to be lodged on the parabronchial epithelial cells of the respiratory tract. the bacterial colonies were seen around the parabronchial spaces of the lung tissue. i...

Coronavirus disease 2019, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has recently become the number one problem affecting global health. Coronavirus disease 2019 is principally recognized by its respiratory manifestations; however, recent studies have shown an increasing number of patients with gastrointestinal complaints like diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal discomfort...

Abstract Respiratory viruses as a major threat to human and animal health today are still leading cause of worldwide severe pandemics. Although the primary target tissue these is lung, they can induce immediate or delayed neuropathological manifestations in humans animals. Already after Spanish flu (1918/20) evidence accumulated that neurological diseases be induced by respiratory viral infecti...

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Although by definition rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an articular disorder, it is a systemic disease, and 18-40% of patients experience extra-articular manifestations (EAMs). The involvement of the respiratory system occurs in about 30-40% of RA patients, and in about 10-20% of them it represents the first manifestation of RA. A wide range of pulmonary manifestations are detectable in RA patient...