PREVENTION OF SMALLPOX BY VACCINATION AND REVACCINATION Sir,?In reference to the paper entitled ' Prevention of Smallpox by Vaccination and Revaccination' published in the May 1945 issue of your esteemed journal I beg to further supplement my observations by offering the following hypothesis regarding the conception of immunity and its fluctuations, conferred by smallpox vaccination and revacci...

BACKGROUND In studies from high-income countries, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected persons have diminished responses to hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination, compared with HIV-1-uninfected persons, but data from other settings are limited. METHODS We compared the immune response to HBV vaccination among HIV-1-infected and HIV-1-uninfected Kenyan adults and assessed the resp...

Background: Decay of vaccine–induced antibody titres without boosting of the wild measles virus has been well documented. Revaccination against measles has reduced the prevalence of the disease worldwide. Revaccination may cause IgE induced anaphylaxis. Objective: To study measles IgG antibody in revaccinated populations and its relation to IgE induced hypersensitivity. Methods: Blood samples w...

BACKGROUND Successful smallpox vaccination is traditionally defined by clinical response ("take"). Nevertheless, only 60% of subjects in the 2002 Israeli smallpox revaccination campaign developed clinical take. More sensitive immunological markers are needed to document successful revaccination. We compared the level of vaccinia-specific immune markers among subjects who did or did not develop ...

BACKGROUND In many industrialized countries routine vaccination with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV-23) is recommended to prevent pneumococcal disease in the elderly. However, vaccine-induced immunity wanes after a few years, and there are controversies around revaccination with PPSV-23. Here, we systematically assessed the effectiveness and safety of PPSV-23 revaccinat...

A prospective study was performed to determine the serologic response of previously vaccinated horses to revaccination against eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis (EEE and WEE). Horses responded variably to each antigen, and some horses had low or undetectable antibodies 6 months after vaccination. Some horses did not develop increasing titers to EEE or WEE despite recent vaccination. ...

Background: The length of the protective efficacy of BCG vaccine plays an important role in the establishment of vaccination policies. Revaccination with two or more doses is supposed to boost up the immunity. However, the effectiveness of BCG revaccination has been questioned. It was argued that revaccination may increase the rate of tuberculin conversion but does it result in more sustained r...

BACKGROUND In most case control studies the hardest decision is the choice of the control group, as in the ideal control group the proportion exposed is the same as in the population that produced the cases. METHODS A comparison of two control groups in a case control study of the efficacy of BCG revaccination. One group was selected from subjects presenting to the heath unit the case attende...