considering importance and the role of forecasting water consumption in water resources management and implementing appropriate short- and long-run policies in order to optimize water demand, therefore, this study aims to provide a model for predicting the water consumption via box and jenkins method. to this end, monthly data for the domestic and agricultural water consumptions of tehran provi...

energy is considered as an important input for agricultural products. a decrease in energy subsidy and its demand reduces agricultural outputs and raises the production costs. changes in production and costs may significantly affect welfare of the agricultural producers. the main objective of this study was to analyze the impact of increased energy prices (reduction in the subsidy) on the agric...

based on the “aggregate demand” theory, monetary policies are designed with the aim of achieving desirable level of macroeconomic goals through affecting the stock of money supplyand income velocity of money. thus, the velocity (v)-as well as money supply - has significant impact, particularly on rate of inflation through expansionary or contractionary monetary policy. to focus on the velocity ...

agriculture has a key role to play in reducing poverty and hunger in many developing countries. about 75% of the world's poor live in rural areas and most are dependent on agriculture and related activities in the rural economy. for this reason the benefits for developing countries’ farmers have been shown to be substantial if oecd member countries reformed their agricultural policies. the issu...

Recent research has documented a positive relationship between real exchange rate (RER) levels and economic growth. The literature has interpreted this correlation as causality running from RER levels to growth rates; i.e., higher, undervalued, more competitive RERs tend to favor growth. Little effort has been made, however, on the analysis of the policy instruments required to implement a succ...

A prominent policy issue of the 1970s and one that seems certain to dominate the early 1980s is the appropriate response to a prevailing high rate of inflation. The view that there is a long-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment, widely accepted at the end of the sixties, is now held by only a small minority of economists. It is still widely believed, however, that there is a short-r...