generally, studied villages as regard to the socioeconomic structure have not considerable development in comparison with their around structure due to functional area.  nowadays, regarding rural development, proceeding with economical analysis of geographical areas has a great position. considering the applied investigations, upon increasing the knowledge and literacy and scientific and practi...

introduction: rapid urbanization and reduction of rural population are common problems among developing countries. unemployment and rural migration are mentioned as main reasons for these problems. according to the 2011 census in iran, the rural population decreased to less than one-third, or about 29 percent of total population. demographic change of the country and the need for jobs will exac...

T he current decline in the economic well-being of the residents of the rural Heartland is well documented. High poverty rates, limited job growth, falling real per capita income, and increased out-migration are all signs of current economic problems. The region’s future is far from certain. As noted in earlier chapters, the rural Heartland is extremely diverse. Not all of its communities are s...

Background Retaining doctors in rural areas is a challenge in Bangladesh. In this study, we analyzed three rural retention policies: career development programs, compulsory services, and schools outside major cities – in terms of context, contents, actors, and processes.   Methods Series of group discussions between policy-makers and researchers prompted the selection of policy areas, which wer...

Since the publication of the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP), a growing body of literature has emerged related to European spatial planning. Much of this literature is focused on the influence of the ESDP on city regions and urban policy in individual member states. Much less attention has been paid thus far to the influence of the ESDP on the formulation of spatial strategies a...

The changing context for agricultural development has highlighted a strong need to understand and adoptinnovation systems thinking. Science, technology and innovation policy has equated rural development toagricultural development. The main objective of this paper was to examine the role of innovation capacity inagricultural sector. With the growing diversification of rural livelihood options i...

The following paper advocates an active rural employment policy in order to reduce rural poverty in the development countries and initiate a sustainable development process. The permanent large increases in the population call for a significant number of employment and income opportunities. As the agricultural sector’s capacity to provide employment is limited, the only alternative is the rural...