shah ismail established a dynasty in iran on the premises of nationality and religion. to establish national unity in iran, he announced shia as the official religion. his goal was to strengthen iranian national bonds. the presence of uzbeks in the east and ottomans in the west made it necessary that iranian people reinforce their feeling of patriotism and love for they homeland. shah ismail be...

While the subject of Venetian espionage in Ottoman empire has received scholarly attention, no attempt been made to study baili’s intelligence-gathering activities on Safavid issues a systematic way. Through close scrutiny baili dispatches and other relevant materials State archives, this paper examines role diplomats Istanbul information-gathering Safavids. It demonstrates that used various te...

The issue of the entry Imāmite/Twelver Shīʿism into Iran is one most controversial issues in History Islamic Sects. According to established general opinion, it after Safavids that Shī’ite groups question became dominant thought Iran. Before, they were only a minority. However, this study reveals Imāmite was not minority be underestimated even before Safavids.
 introduction Imāmism/Twelve ...

Dome has been a significant element and structure in the architecture of Islam, where it usually can be found mosques from many years ago, which started Umayyad period Jerusalem (691 AD). However, persistent practice domes modern Islamic led to development evolution dome concepts types. Therefore, current paper aims analyze classify architectural design how evolved Central Asia Middle East over...

Abstract The relations between the Islamic empires of early modern period—the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals—have long been subject research, as have links each them Europe. present paper adopts a different approach, addressing Central Eastern Europe part single geopolitical continuum. This is done by focusing on events late 1630s—the Safavid-Mughal conflict over Kandahar Ottoman-Safavid Treat...