Spaced retrieval is a memory-training technique whereby information is tested at progressively longer delays. Two experiments were conducted in order to examine the effects of spaced retrieval on controlled recollection and automatic influences of memory. In Experiment 1, word pairs were read once, three times, or once and retrieved twice by young and older adults. Retrieval practice improved p...

The revival of interest in the effectiveness of spaced practice, as compared with massed practice, in learning is attributed to the abandonment of the constraints of serial and pairedassociate list learning and the discovery of stable benefits from spaced practice in continuous paired-associate learning, short-term memory for individual items, and single-trial free-recall learning. Comments are...

This article investigates the relation between mind wandering and the spacing effect in inductive learning. Participants studied works of art by different artists grouped in blocks, where works by a particular artist were either presented all together successively (the massed condition), or interleaved with the works of other artists (the spaced condition). The works of 24 artists were shown, w...

Abstract To examine the effects of task repetition with different schedules, English-as-a-foreign-language classroom learners performed same oral narrative six times under three schedules. They narrated six-frame cartoon story (a) consecutively in one class (massed practice), (b) at beginning and end a (short-spaced (c) as part two classes 1 week apart (long-spaced practice). The results yielde...

The authors clarify the source of a conflict between previous findings related to metacognitive control over the distribution of practice. In a study by L. Son (2004), learners were initially presented pairs of Graduate Record Examination (GRE) vocabulary words and their common synonyms for 1 s, after which they chose to study the pair again immediately (massed practice), later (spaced practice...

INTRODUCTION A large body of evidence indicates that retrieval practice (test-enhanced learning) and spaced repetition increase long-term information retention. Implementation of these strategies in medical curricula is unfortunately limited. However, students may choose to apply them autonomously when preparing for high-stakes, cumulative assessments, such as the United States Medical Licensin...

This paper presents methods for analyzing and manipulating unevenly spaced time series without a transformation to equally spaced data. Processing and analyzing such data in its unaltered form avoids the biases and information loss caused by resampling. Care is taken to develop a framework consistent with a traditional analysis of equally spaced data, as in Brockwell and Davis (1991), Hamilton ...