clostridium perfringens is an important cause of bacterial food poisoning worldwide. the disease is caused by c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) encoded by cpe gene. the aim of this research was to identify the different types of c. perfringens and the presence of cpe gene in isolated bacteria from broilers’ meat marketed in retail meat shops of mashhad city in northeastern of iran. after isolati...

Fusion of two genes at DNA level produces a single protein, known as a chimeric protein. Immunotoxins are chimeric proteins composed of specific cell targeting and cell killing moieties. Bacterial or plant toxins are commonly used as the killing moieties of the chimeric immunotoxins. In this investigation, the catalytic domain of Shiga-like toxin (A1) was fused to human granulocyte macrophage ...

Alternaria brown spot disease is caused by the alternata tangerine pathotype, which relies on ACT-toxin for infection. At present, all identified biosynthesis-related genes are multi-copy genes. In this study, we summarized advances in important host-specific toxins (HSTs), and listed key required pathogenicity of A. pathotype. Toxin virulence test results revealed that different citrus species...

fusion of two genes at dna level produces a single protein, known as a chimeric protein. immunotoxins are chimeric proteins composed of specific cell targeting and cell killing moieties. bacterial or plant toxins are commonly used as the killing moieties of the chimeric immunotoxins. in this investigation, the catalytic domain of shiga-like toxin (a1) was fused to human granulocyte macrophage c...

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is strongly associated with new onset asthma and asthma exacerbations. Until recently, the molecular mechanisms utilized by M. pneumoniae to influence asthma symptoms were unknown. However, we recently reported that an ADP-ribosylating and vacuolating toxin called the Community Acquired Respiratory Distress Syndrome toxin, CARDS toxin, produced by M. pneumoniae was suffici...

background: the mesobuthus eupeus scorpion venoms are known to contain α-toxin peptides, many of which interfere with k+ ion channel function. these toxin peptides have important value in  the pharmacology and physiology studies of specific k+ channel of cells. objectives: given the  lack of information of the molecular biology of peptides in the toxin of iranian scorpions, the aim of this stud...

In a previous report, we showed that cloned T cells incubated with soluble, cognate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II-peptide complex internalized the peptide moiety of the complex. Here, we report antigen-specific deletion of cloned T cells by treatment with soluble, cognate MHC II-(peptide-toxin) complexes. Toxin (doxorubicin or mycophenolic acid) was attached to synthetic AcMBP(1-14)...

Scorpion venom is the richest source of peptide toxins with high levels of specific interactions with different ion-channel membrane proteins. The present study involved the amplification and sequencing of a 310-bp cDNA fragment encoding a beta-like neurotoxin active on sodium ion-channel from the venom glands of scorpion Androctonus crassicauda belonging to the Buthidae family using r...