Local political and community leaders and the owners of professional sports teams frequently claim that professional sports facilities and franchises are important engines of economic development in urban areas. These structures and teams allegedly contribute millions of dollars of net new spending annually and create hundreds of new jobs, and provide justification for hundreds of millions of d...

The colour of sportswear has been shown to influence the outcome of bouts for several different combat sports. The generality of these effects, and whether they extend to collaborative forms of contests (team sports), is uncertain. Since 1947, English football teams wearing red shirts have been champions more often than expected on the basis of the proportion of clubs playing in red. To investi...

Background. Today, success in international and championship sports comes with various benefits because of a sense of national pride, economic profitability, as well as diplomacy. Objectives. The aim of this study is to identify and analyse factors that are effective in promoting the national teams of Iran. Methods. This study used a mixed method and data was collected through desk studies, i...

motivation is one of those factors affecting the success and quality of athletic performance. however, limited research has been conducted on the motivational traits of iranian athletes. this study aimed at describing the motivational traits of skilled and novice athletes of team and individual sports in some selected sports fields. players of national teams of the individual sports of karate, ...

Meta-heuristics have received increasing attention in recent years. The present article introduces a novel method in such a class that distinguishes a number of artificial search agents called players within two teams. At each iteration, the active player concerns some other players in both teams to construct its special movements and to get more score. At the end of some iterations (like quart...

Significant criticisms have emerged on the way that collective behaviours in team sports have been traditionally evaluated. A major recommendation has been for future research and practice to focus on the interpersonal relationships developed between team players during performance. Most research has typically investigated team game performance in subunits (attack or defence), rather than consi...

talent finding in sports can not only lead to winning teams but also ensure individuals continue to participate, improve their talents, and take preventive measures against injuries. athletic talent often develops as the result of morphological, physiological, or psychological characteristics. many of these characteristics are inherited, and genetics have important implications for talent. tale...