The rapid progress of artificial neural networks (ANN) is largely attributed to the development rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation function. However, implementation software-based ANNs, such as convolutional (CNN), within von Neumann architecture faces limitations due its sequential processing mechanism. To overcome this challenge, research on hardware neuromorphic systems based spiking (S...

Alternative promoter usage and alternative splicing enable diversification of the transcriptome. Here we demonstrate that the function of Synaptic GTPase-Activating Protein (SynGAP), a key synaptic protein, is determined by the combination of its amino-terminal sequence with its carboxy-terminal sequence. 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends and primer extension show that different N-terminal pr...

We have used the squid giant synapse to determine whether clathrin assembly by AP180 is important for synaptic vesicle endocytosis. The squid homolog of AP180 encodes a 751 amino acid protein with 40% sequence identity to mouse AP180. Alignment of squid AP180 with other AP180 homologs shows that amino acid identity was highest in the N-terminal inositide-binding domain of the protein and weakes...

We illustrate novel optimization techniques via simulations for Hopfield networks constructed from manufacturable three-terminal Silicon-Oxide-Nitride-Oxide-Silicon (SONOS) synaptic circuit elements. first present a computationally-light, memristor-based, highly accurate static compact model the SONOS synapses used in our simulations. then show how to exploit analog errors programming resistanc...

Synaptic plasticity is a cellular model for learning and memory. However, the expression mechanisms underlying presynaptic forms of are not well understood. Here, we investigate functional structural correlates potentiation at large hippocampal mossy fiber boutons induced by adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin. We performed 2-photon imaging genetically encoded glutamate sensor iGlu u that reve...

Synaptic scaffolding molecule (S-SCAM) is a synaptic membrane-associated guanylate kinase with inverted domain organization (MAGI) that interacts with NMDA receptor subunits and neuroligin. In epithelial cells, the non-neuronal isoform of S-SCAM (MAGI-1) is localized at tight or adherens junctions. Recent studies have revealed that the polarized targeting of MAGI-1 to the lateral membrane is me...

Multi-terminal artificial synaptic devices are promising for building neural morphological networks and manufacturing chips. In this study, planar multi-gate InOx-based transistor was demonstrated by using solution-processed AlOx as an electric double layer (EDL) dielectric with mobile hydrogen protons. The excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) successfully controlled adjusting amplitude, dura...

During synaptic development, proteins aggregate at specialized pre- and postsynaptic structures. Mechanisms that mediate protein clustering at these sites remain unknown. To investigate this process, we analyzed synaptic targeting of a postsynaptic density protein, PSD-95, by expressing green fluorescent protein- (GFP-) tagged PSD-95 in cultured hippocampal neurons. We find that postsynaptic cl...