BACKGROUND Surgery has evolved over the past 20 years. Conceptual and technical advances have helped improve the surgical rehabilitation of Graves' orbitopathy. A historical comparison of methods and approaches has shown clear progress. SUMMARY Surgical rehabilitation of Graves' orbitopathy is traditionally staged: orbital decompression, extraocular muscle surgery, eyelid repositioning, and t...

Dysthyroid orbitopathy or Thyroid associated orbitopathy (TAO) is a heterogeneous autoimmune orbital inflammatory reaction typically manifested in middle age. The various orbital presentations are lid retraction proptosis, dry eyes, strabismus, diplopia, restriction in extraocular ocular movement and compressive optic neuropathy. The mainstay of therapy for the severe cases remains surgical dec...

INTRODUCTION Graves' orbitopathy is the extra thyroidal manifestation of Graves' disease and the most common cause of exophthalmos. It is also known as thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) as it occasionally occurs in euthyroid or hypothyroid patients with chronic thyroiditis. 5% of patients with Graves' orbitopathy can be euthyroid or hypothyroid as they have low titers of anti-thyrotropin-rec...

Purpose: To investigate orbital morphology parameters associated with exophthalmos changes in patients undergoing endoscopic decompression to treat thyroid-related orbitopathy.Methods: In total, 33 eyes of 18 orbitopathy who underwent were included this retrospective study. Data collected before and 6 months after surgery. We performed Hertel exophthalmometry derived from two-dimensional facial...

Background: Thyroid associated orbitopathy (TAO) is an autoimmune disorder. It usually occurs in association with hyperthyroidism. Systemic corticosteroids provide the mainstay treatment for patients with severe and active orbitopathy, but its benefit is associated with important side effects. Attempts to reduce the systemic effects of corticosteroid by using local steroid administration by ret...

BACKGROUND Patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis have impaired health-related quality of life. The thyroid gland has a high selenium concentration, and specific selenoprotein enzyme families are crucial to immune function, and catalyze thyroid hormone metabolism and redox processes in thyroid cells. Previous randomized controlled trials have found that selenium supplementation decreases ...

Thyroid-associated orbitopathy is a set of ophthalmic symptoms resulting from an autoimmune process in which the swelling of extraocular tissues leads to exophthalmos either caused by hypersecretion and accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in the orbit fibroblasts or being the result of inflammatory processes in the oculomotor. These changes cause eyeball motility disturbances, keratopathy, and t...