urban large-scale projects have always been a controversial topic of debates. these projects are time- and money-consuming and the rejection or approve of their functionality is based on political intentions. in the last hundred years, each of them costed billions of dollars from private or public budgeting, used technical and human resources. these risky-complex creatures are built to fulfill ...

One of the risks recognized by relevant authorities is the risk of outsourcing ITS projects. The purpose of this study was to design and explain the pattern of determining the critical success factors in outsourcing large-scale ITS projects in the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development (Road Maintenance and Transportation Organization). This study was performed using qualitative method. The pa...

Redevelopment of distressed and blighted areas are targeted by most of development policies.However, a number of policies have been changed as the result of the ineffectiveness of the previous experiences, theincompatibility of the development tools and plans, the lack of financial resources or social movements. Large-scaleredevelopment projects have usually been considered as the powerful tool...

Brent D. Ryan first visited Detroit in 1993. Describing this experience, he says: ‘‘The sense of emptiness was overpowering. ... I felt as if I was walking into the ruin of America.’’ In his book ‘‘Design after decline—how America rebuilds shrinking cities,’’ Ryan tries to understand why so many American cities have been losing population, what was and is done to change the fortune of these cit...

from the past to the present time, in all civilizations and countries, urbanization is considered the most striking evolution of human societies. with the advent of the industrial revolution and the rapid expansion of cities, societies were faced with numerous problems. one of the most significant problems is extreme centralization in one city or more and fragmentation of urban hierarchical sys...

House is considered not only as one of the main needs of human beings but also as one of the best determining characteristics of living standard. Housing shortages is one of the most acute problems next to the rapid growth of the large cities and their suburbs in developing countries. These cities take all the opportunities, services and the funds Which a country has to offer,, Despite this ...