1Department of Physiology, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan, 2Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8635, Japan, 3Pharmakologisches Institut, Abteilung Molekulare Pharmakologie, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, and 4Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125

Neuro Forum 1 2 3 Intelligence moderates reinforcement learning: a mini-review of the neural evidence 4 5 6 Chong Chen 1 7 1 Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of 8 Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan. Tel: (81)11-706-5973; Fax: (81)11-7069 5081; E-mail: [email protected] 10 11 12

Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan. Department of Biomedical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia. Department of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu...

The positive health effects of volunteering are quite well described in the literature; however, potential negative effects of volunteering are less explored. Volunteering got attention in Ukraine because of the recent political crisis that brought military conflict to the Eastern part of the country in 2014. Informal volunteering has transformed into a formal one. In order to be able to organi...

Soil carbon and nitrogen contents play an important role in sustaining soil physical and chemical quality and help to have healthy environments. The continues conversion of rangelands to arable lands has the potential to change carbon and nitrogen sequestration. In this study to evaluate the effects of land use change on soil organic carbon and nitrogen stock, forty samples collected from north...