The role of the elevation of serum cholesterol levels as a cause in the genesis of atherosclerosis and its clinical sequels, mainly coronary heart disease, was well established several decades ago by means of a number of large cohort studies , after cross-sectional studies had shown an association between hypercholesterolemia and ischemic heart disease. Ever since, the acknowledgement of this r...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate racial and ethnic differences in the association between a dietary diabetes risk reduction score and incidence of type 2 diabetes in U.S. white and minority women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We followed 156,030 non-Hispanic white (NHW), 2,026 Asian, 2,053 Hispanic, and 2,307 black women in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) (1980-2008) and NHS II (1991-2009). A time-updated...

abstract background: the increase in breast cancer incidence has enhanced attention towards breast cancer risk. the aim of this study was to determine the risk of breast cancer and risk perception of women, factors that affect risk perception, and to determine differences between absolute risk and the perception of risk. methods: this cross-sectional study was carried out among 346 women whose ...

BACKGROUND The widespread use of relative scales in socioepidemiological studies has recently been criticized. The criticism is based mainly on the fact that the importance of different risk factors in explaining social inequalities in cardiovascular disease (CVD) varies, depending on which scale is used to measure social inequalities. The present study examines the importance of established ri...

The number needed to treat (NNT) and its counterpart, the number needed to harm (NNH), are commonly used measures of effect in studies of mental health treatments. The NNT is an absolute measure, which conveys a more direct and intuitive impression of the effect on an individual than the absolute risk reduction (ARR). To illustrate this, consider an imaginary trial comparing the effects of cogn...

BACKGROUND Quality-assurance initiatives encourage adherence to evidenced-based guidelines based on a consideration of treatment benefit. We examined older persons' willingness to take medication for primary cardiovascular disease prevention according to benefits and harms. METHODS In-person interviews were performed with 356 community-living older persons. Participants were asked about their...

Aspirin is an effective antiplatelet agent for preventing important clinical complications of atherothrombosis (1). Among 29,652 high-vascular-risk patients randomly allocated to long-term aspirin therapy, the rate of serious vascular events (nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or vascular death) after about two years was 12.9%, compared with 16.0% among 29,743 patients allocated t...

A growing awareness of the value of indigenous knowledge has prompted calls for its use within disaster risk reduction. The use of indigenous knowledge alongside scientific knowledge is increasingly advocated but there is as yet no clearly developed framework demonstrating how the two may be integrated to reduce community vulnerability to environmental hazards. This paper presents such a framew...