We address the problem of prediction in the classical spatial autoregressive LAG model for areal data. In contrast with the spatial econometrics literature, the geostatistical literature has devoted much attention to prediction using the Best Linear Unbiased Prediction approach. From the methodological point of view, we explore the limits of the extension of BLUP formulas in the context of the ...

A possibly non-stationary autoregressive process, of unknown finite order, with possibly infinite-variance innovations is studied. The Ordinary Least Squares autoregressive parameter estimates are shown to be consistent, and their rate of convergence, which depends on the index of stability, α, is established. We also establish consistency of lag-order selection criteria in the non-stationary c...

This study examines the causal relationship between international public relations expenditure and its economic returns at the country level. In order to overcome the limitations of previous studies that have attempted to quantify the outcomes of public relations efforts and investments using correlations, this study conducted a more rigorous causality test by measuring the relationship between...

This study attempts to examine the linkage between environmental degradation and economic growth in Pakistan over the period 1972-2011. The main concern of this study is to test the validity of Environmental Kuznets Curve in case of Pakistan and aims to find out the total and per capita carbon efficiency of Pakistan. Moreover, this study estimates the tipping point of environmental Kuznets curv...

Most Asian economies consist of tourism attraction destinations. The traditional literature explores the cultural, social, and economic effects tourism; thus, there exists a vacuum related to impacts development on human health local people. Hence, current study examines impact outcomes tourism-based selected economies. panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) methodology is used deduce shor...

Abstract China’s wolf warrior diplomacy has attracted extensive attention since 2020. One of the most prominent “wolf warriors” is Zhao Lijian, Ministry Foreign Affairs spokesperson. Based on weekly Google Trends datasets between August 21, 2016 and 8, 2021, this study provides a quantitative description development Lijian diplomacy. Employing Granger causality tests autoregressive distributed ...

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