 It is well-known fact that batch processes are gaining wider ground in chemical industries. Compared with continuous processes the control of batch processes is more difficult because physical and chemical properties of the contents, such as heat capacity, heat transfer coefficient and reaction rate vary from run to run and within runs. The control problem focuses on the temperature control o...

Hospital wastewater contributes a significant input of pharmaceuticals into municipal wastewater. The combination of suspended activated sludge and biofilm processes, as stand-alone or as hybrid process (hybrid biofilm and activated sludge system (Hybas™)) has been suggested as a possible solution for hospital wastewater treatment. To investigate the potential of such a hybrid system for the re...

This paper deals with controlling of a semi-batch nonlinear reactor used for chromium sludge regeneration process. The aim is to process the largest amount of chromium filter cake (chromium sludge) in the shortest possible time. The reactor has to be cooled because of strongly exothermic process. For safety reasons the temperature should not exceed 100 °C. In this study the reactor is controlle...

The safe operation of a semi-batch catalytic reactor remains a sensitive issue when highly exothermic side reactions may occur, and various elements such as controllability, stability, safety, and economic aspects have to be considered in the process development. Nominal operating conditions are set to avoid excessive thermal sensitivity to variations in the process parameters. Several shortcut...

Previous kinetic modelling for dilute H2SO4-acid hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse operated using batch reactor led to conclude that hemicellulose conversion, about 75 % of theoretical, was possible to be reached using 1.0 % w v H2SO4 solution, solid load equal to 20 % and 80 min of operation. The present study aims to expand the fundamental understanding of the kinetic involved in this process. ...

The anaerobic treatability of malt whisky distillery wastewater was investigated. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) experiments were conducted both with and without basal medium (BM) to observe the effect of nutrient supplementation. For batch reactors containing no nutrients but only NaHCO3, net total gas production at the end of 29 days were observed as 0.019 m 3 gas/kg COD removed. With nu...

Simultaneous formaldehyde biodegradation and denitrification in batch assays and in a continuous lab-scale reactor were studied. In batch assays, initial biodegradation rates between 0.7 and 3.3 g CKH2O g VSS(-1) d(-1) were obtained at formaldehyde concentrations between 300 and 2150 mg l(-1). The denitrification process was affected by the presence of formaldehyde. The nitrite accumulation inc...

The kinetics of palm oil catalytic cracking over aluminum containing mesoporous silica Al-MCM-41 (5% Al) was investigated in a batch autoclave reactor at the temperatures range of 573 – 673 K. The catalyst was prepared by using sol-gel technique and has been characterized by nitrogen adsorption and x-ray diffraction methods. Surface area of 1276 m/g with average pore diameter of 2.54 nm and por...

The ®alidity of an online state estimator for a semi-batch MMArMA solution copolymerization reactor was established using online densitometer and ®iscometer. Using the ( ) con®entional extended Kalman filter EKF as the state estimator, the experiment was conducted under both isothermal and nonisothermal conditions for application to the control of copolymer properties. Further analysis was made...