The pars distalis of the tortoise, Geoclemis reevesii, was studied immunocytochemically with regards to its fine structure and distribution of different cell types. The pars distalis consists of cephalic and caudal lobes and a zona tuberalis, each with distinct cellular components. The cephalic lobe contains ACTH cells and prolactin (PRL) cells, while the caudal lobe consists of STH (GH) cells,...

The caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) is the key integrating center of visceral sensory-motor signaling supporting autonomic homeostasis. Two key projections of this nucleus are the parabrachial nucleus (PbN) and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). The PbN integrates and relays viscerosensory information primarily to the forebrain, supporting behavioral, emotional, and endocri...

BACKGROUND Magnesium has been investigated as an adjuvant for neuraxial anesthesia, but the effect of caudal magnesium on postoperative pain is inconsistent. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the analgesic effect of caudal magnesium. METHODS We searched six databases, including trial registration sites. Randomized clinical trials reporting the effect of cauda...

The sperm reservoir is formed when spermatozoa bind to the epithelium of the uterotubal junction and caudal isthmus of the oviduct. It is an important mechanism that helps synchronize the meeting of gametes by regulating untimely capacitation and polyspermic fertilization. This study investigated the influence of epididymal maturation and caudal fluid on the ability of spermatozoa to bind to ov...

Although commensalism with gut microbiota exists in all metazoans, the host factors that maintain this homeostatic relationship remain largely unknown. We show that the intestinal homeobox gene Caudal regulates the commensal-gut mutualism by repressing nuclear factor kappa B-dependent antimicrobial peptide genes. Inhibition of Caudal expression in flies via RNA interference led to overexpressio...

Using a special in vitro assay, we tested whether retinal ganglion cell axons in an adult vertebrate, the goldfish (which can regenerate a retinotopic projection after optic nerve section), recognize position-specific differences in cell surface membranes of their target, the tectum opticum. On a surface consisting of alternating stripes of membranes from rostral and caudal tectum, temporal axo...

This paper describes the causes, clinical findings and diagnosis of caudal vena caval thrombosis in cattle. Occlusion of the vein is caused by a 'white' thrombus, and typical clinical signs include chronic weight loss, poor general condition and intermittent fever. Most affected cattle have respiratory signs; in some, pulmonary haemorrhage, ascites and sudden death occur. Haematological analyse...

Sacral hiatus is caudal opening of sacral canal. Caudal epidural anaesthesia for various therapeutic and diagnostic procedures is administered through sacral hiatus. 25% failure rate of caudal epidural block has been reported in literature. The failure rate of this procedure may be due to variant anatomical features of sacral hiatus. Hence knowing the anatomical variations in shape, size, level...

Continuous caudal anesthesia has been commonly used for intra- and post-operative analgesia in infants and children. However, it has a potential risk of bacterial infection, especially in infants in whom the catheter site is easily contaminated with loose stool. To avoid infection, the authors applied a new procedure using subcutaneous tunneling for continuous caudal anesthesia. In the 18 cases...