X-ray and neutron fiber diffraction has been used to study cellulose as it is converted from its naturally occurring crystal phase, cellulose I, to an activated crystal phase, cellulose IIII, by ammonia treatment. The detailed crystal structures determined for cellulose Iβ, an intermediate ammonia-cellulose I complex, and cellulose IIII, reveal a structural transition pathway: hydrogen bonded s...

The preparation of cellulose nanostructures is considered in this paper. Cellulose nanoparticles(nano cellulose) were extracted from cinnamon for the first time. The chemically-induceddestruction strategy based on controlled strong acid hydrolysis treatment was used for dissolutionof lignin and fragmentation of cellulose to nano sized structure. The products werecharacterized by scanning electr...

New bionanocomposite proton exchange membranes were prepared from sulfonated polybenzimidazole (s-PBI) and various amounts of sulfonated ZnO/cellulose nanohybrids (ZnO/cellulose-SO3H). The use of ZnO/cellulose-SO3H compensates for the decrease in ion exchange capacity of membranes observed when non-sulfonated nano-fillers are utilized. The strong –SO3H/–SO<su...

• Connections in Rn . We have by now defined a number of different notions of differentiation: the differential of maps between manifolds, the exterior derivative of differential forms, and the Lie derivative. To begin to see the need for a new notion of differentiation (which will turn out to be the most fundamental and will apply to general tensor fields) consider first the problem of definin...

The amalgamation of polymer and pharmaceutical sciences led to the introduction of polymer in the design and development of drug delivery systems. Polymeric delivery systems are mainly intended to achieve controlled or sustained drug delivery. Polysaccharides fabricated into hydrophilic matrices remain popular biomaterials for controlled-release dosage forms and the most abundant naturally occu...

Shape-persistent and tough cellulose hydrogels were fabricated by a stepwise solvent exchange from a homogeneous ionic liquid solution of cellulose exposure to methanol vapor. The cellulose hydrogels maintain their shapes under changing temperature, pH, and solvents. The micrometer-scale patterns on the mold were precisely transferred onto the surface of cellulose hydrogels. We also succeeded i...

The interaction between cellulase enzymes and their substrates is of central importance to several technological and scientific challenges. Here we report that the binding of cellulose binding modules (CBM) from Trichoderma reesei cellulases Cel6A and Cel7A show a major difference in how they interact with substrates originating from wood compared to bacterial cellulose. We found that the CBM f...

We survey recent results on the structure of the range of the derivative of a smooth mapping f between two Banach spaces X and Y . We recall some necessary conditions and some sufficient conditions on a subsetA of (X ,Y) for the existence of a Fréchet differentiable mapping f from X into Y so that f ′(X)= A. Whenever f is only assumed Gâteaux differentiable, new phenomena appear: for instance, ...