Abstract Background In humans, the drug metabolizing enzyme CYP2D6 is highly polymorphic resulting in substantial differences metabolism of drugs including anti-arrhythmics, neuroleptics, and opioids. The objective this study was to phenotype a population 100 horses from five different breeds assess metabolic activity equine homolog using codeine as probe drug. Administration common method used...

Abstract In Saudi Arabia, there are concerning rates of non-compliance with pharmaceutical regulations prohibiting the pharmacy dispensing prescription-only medications without a physician prescription. This is first study in Middle East which examines physicians’ perceptions regarding misuse codeine, listed as narcotic, controlled, and drug. The CODEMISUSED survey was adapted to Arabian contex...

Severe narcosis occurred in a patient with hypoparathyroidism given therapeutic doses of codeine phosphate.

Codeine phosphate forms three hydrates and two anhydrates. The sesquihydrate and hemihydrate, which differ by one water molecule, are stable at room temperature. The influence of this molecule on the internal crystal structure and how it translates into the external crystal shape are reported.

Background:The relaxant and anticholinergic (functional antagonism) effects, histamine H1 inhibitory effect, and calcium channel blocking effect of Nigella sativa have been demonstrated on guinea pig tracheal chains.  Several therapeutic effects including anti-asthma and dyspnea have also been ascribed to the seeds of Nigella sativa. Objective: To evaluate the antitussive effect of this plant. ...

PURPOSE Heroin has a half-life of 2-6 min and is metabolized too quickly to be detected in autopsy samples. The presence of 6-acetylmophine (6-AM) in urine, blood, or other samples is convincing evidence of heroin use by a decedent, but 6-AM itself has a half-life of 6-25 min before it is hydrolyzed to morphine, so 6-AM may not be present in sufficient concentration to detect in postmortem samp...