Mental representations of environments are embodied in cognitive maps. Cognitive maps enclose spatial and distance distortions, which appear due to transcription errors based on processing of map information. Participants processed complex cartographical maps of varying amounts of visual details like topography, boundaries and grid to examine their effects on recall and orientation performance....

abstract  introduction: intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of streptozotocin (stz) causes cognitive impairment in rats. the beneficial effect of genistein (gen) was investigated on icv stz-induced learning, memory, and cognitive impairment in male rats. methods: for this purpose, rats were injected with icv stz bilaterally, on days 1 and 3 (3 mg/kg). the stz-injected rats received gen (1 m...

objective: suicide rate is unfortunately increasing in recent years and its assessment is a must. most studies have evaluated different factors like personality, depression, or environment in suicide attempters but cognitive functions have been overlooked in suicide attempters. the current research aimed to evaluate a kind of cognitive function, namely attention in survivors of suicide.  method...

This paper develops a theory of entrepreneurial learning from performance errors. The paper explains how entrepreneurs generate outcomes, and based on these, detect and correct errors in their own knowledge about the activities involved in creating and operating a new venture. The model developed in this paper reflects the major cognitive functions leading to outcome generation, error detection...

This study verifies the environmental effects on agraphia in mild cognitive impairment and dementia. We compared elderly Japanese subjects living in Japan and Brazil. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the database of the Prevalence Study 1998 in Tajiri (n=497, Miyagi, Japan) and the Prevalence Study 1997 of elderly Japanese immigrants living in Brazil (n=166, migrated from Japan and living ...

Research on spreadsheet errors began over fifteen years ago. During that time, there has been ample evidence demonstrating that spreadsheet errors are common and nontrivial. Quite simply, spreadsheet error rates are comparable to error rates in other human cognitive activities and are caused by fundamental limitations in human cognition, not mere sloppiness. Nor does ordinary "being careful" el...

BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment is highly prevalent among older adults (aged ≥65 years) hospitalized for heart failure and has been associated with poor outcomes. Poor medication self-management skills have been associated with poor outcomes in this population as well. The presence and extent of an association between cognitive impairment and poor medication self-management skills in this popul...

Diagnostic errors are responsible for a significant number of adverse events. Logical reasoning and good decision-making skills are key factors in reducing such errors, but little emphasis has traditionally been placed on how these thought processes occur, and how errors could be minimised. In this article, we explore key cognitive ideas that underpin clinical decision making and suggest that b...

multiple-choice tests are the most common type of tests used to evaluate medical education.  these tests have long been used in the written format for specialized boards and residency promotion tests in iran and kermanshah university of medical sciences (kums), as well (1). multiple-choice tests are being analyzed using quanti­tative method (test level, difficulty level and discrim­ination leve...