"Drug legalization" increasingly merits serious consideration as both an analytical model and a policy option for addressing the "drug problem." Criminal justice approaches to the drug problem have proven limited in their capacity to curtail drug abuse. They also have proven increasingly costly and counterproductive. Drug legalization policies that are wisely implemented can minimize the risks ...

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Over the last two decades in the United States, I, public health practitioners, policy makers, and researchers have charted new territory by increasingly using public health strategies to understand and prevent youth violence, which has traditionally been considered a criminal justice problem. The utilization of public health approaches has generated several contributions to the understanding a...

International research has suggested that women in the criminal justice system carry a higher burden of many illnesses than women in the community, especially mental health disorders, substance use disorders, sexually transmitted infections, and a history of violent victimization. Knowledge of these health disparities is often used to advocate for relevant screening and treatment services for w...

In post–civil rights America, the ascendance of “law-and-order” politics and “postracial” ideology have given rise to what we call the penology of racial innocence. The penology of racial innocence is a framework for assessing the role of race in penal policies and institutions, one that begins with the presumption that criminal justice is innocent of racial power until proven otherwise. Counte...

This article uses a case study of selective drug law enforcement in Cleveland, Ohio, to explore the contours of institutional racism in criminal justice policy and practice. Using the multilevel theoretical framework developed by Ian Haney López (2000) that highlights the processes underlying how institutional racism is manifested, I analyze how and why racially discriminatory arrest and chargi...

Global Institute for Health and Human Rights (GIHHR), University at Albany, New York, United States Department of Public Administration and Policy, Rockefeller College, University at Albany, New York, United States School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany, New York, United States Department of Health Policy, Management and Behavior, School of Public Health, University at Albany, New Yor...

Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England is comprised of four books, written in two volumes, running well over 1500 pages in length. Within this enormous work there may be no more wellknown or more memorable line than that which has come to be known as the Blackstone Ratio: “the law holds that it is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer.”1 The Blackstone Ra...