introduction:with increasing threats of weapons of mass destruction (wmd) in future war especially biological threats against our country necessity of using novel technologies in crisis management against new warfare’s is very important. passive defense as a peaceful and preventive strategy without any warfare is able to not only monitor the prospect of new warfare specially biological warfare ...

Host defense peptides (often called cationic antimicrobial peptides) have pleiotropic immunomodulatory functions. The human host defense peptide LL-37 is up-regulated at sites of infection and has little or no antimicrobial activity in tissue-culture media but under the same conditions, demonstrates immunomodulatory effects on epithelial cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells (DC). These effects...

People with diabetes are more prone to Staphylococcus aureus skin infection than healthy individuals. Control of S. aureus infection depends on dendritic cell (DC)-induced T-helper 17 (Th17)-mediated neutrophil recruitment and bacterial clearance. DC ingestion of infected apoptotic cells (IACs) drive prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion to generate Th17 cells. We speculated that hyperglycemia inhi...

Utilization of oxygen in varieties of biochemical reactions especially, in mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) to reduce O2 to H2O in aerobic organisms, lead to produce several active oxygen molecules. So, mainly ETC acts as the main hub in producing partially reduced O2, as several active oxygen species. These intermediate molecules are commonly known as reactive oxygen species (ROS; ...

To successfully infect a plant, pathogens must overcome three layers of defense: (1) preformedphysical barriers; (2) a cell-surface-based surveillance system that detects conserved pathogenmolecules and (3) an intracellular surveillance system that detects effector proteins injected into host cells. Bacterial plant pathogens overcome the first layer either by invading through natural openings a...

BACKGROUND Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) are a significant cause of mortality of COPD patients, and pose a huge burden on healthcare. One of the major causes of AECOPD is airway bacterial (e.g. nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae [NTHi]) infection. However, the mechanisms underlying bacterial infections during AECOPD remain poorly understood. As neutrophil...

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a serious public health problem caused by variety of microorganisms, the most prevalent which are bacteria. The diversity immune system in urinary critical factor defense against infections. This research included 127 clinically suspected UTI patients that all treated with urine analysis and complete blood count test order to observe increased effects neutrophil...

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are a common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in humans. While the importance of natural killer (NK) cells in innate immune protection against tumors and viral infections is well documented, their role in defense against bacterial infections is still emerging, and their involvement in UPEC-mediated UTI is practically unknown. Using a systematic muta...

Patients with allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) have a high risk of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) even after neutrophil regeneration. Immunological aspects might play a very important role in the IFI development in these patients. Some data are available supporting the identification of high-risk patients with IFI for example patients receiving stem cells from TLR4 haplotype S4 pos...