Normative environments are used to regulate multi-agent interactions, by providing means for monitoring and enforcing agents’ compliance with their commitments. In business encounters, agents representing business entities make contracts including norms that prescribe what agents should do. Agent autonomy, however, gives agents the ability to decide whether to fulfill or violate their commitmen...

and other participants for their constructive comments on this paper. Purdue University is committed to the policy that all persons shall have equal access to its programs and employment without regard to race, color, creed, religion, national origin, sex, age, marital status, disability, public assistance status, veteran status or sexual orientation. The focus of this paper is on international...

As a manager, you prefer that other firms not enter your markets. Sometimes you’re lucky and you’re protected by natural barriers to entry. Examples of these are legal protections on intellectual property (e.g., a patented product), government regulations limiting entry (e.g., restrictive zoning), and the amount of industry-specific capital investments needed to compete effectively. Many times,...

A controlled experiment tested the possibility that racial profiling—disproportionate scrutiny of a minority racial group by sanctioned authorities—would have a “reverse deterrent” effect on the illicit behavior of members of a nonprofiled majority group. Research participants given a task involving extremely difficult anagrams were given the opportunity to cheat. White participants randomly as...

On the other hand, game theory has its own ethical basis deriving from utilitarian morality, whereby an action cannot be judged by itself, but only its consequences define its moral value. Though Schelling warns the researchers about this simplistic conception of morality, in its most speculative examples, game theory, embraces the definition of utility from the utilitarian tradition. One may a...

Asset forfeiture laws allow the seizure of assets used in the commission of a crime. This paper examines the impact of such laws on deterrence by incorporating the possibility of asset forfeiture into the standard economic model of crime. When punishment is by a fine that can be optimally chosen, forfeiture is never optimal because of the deadweight loss it imposes in the capital market. When t...

Many U.S. allies are increasingly dependent on space-based platforms for their military and economic activities. At the same time, counterspace threats from adversaries such as China Russia rapidly intensifying. The United States has provided extended deterrence to its through overwhelming nuclear conventional capabilities decades. question arises whether time-tested logic of is applicable in s...

After a brief reprieve, violence reduction is again in vogue. In the past year, media headlines regarding increases in violent crime and gang violence (often MS-13 specifically) have dominated the national news and the political landscape. Just a brief glance at the leading headlines from 2017 tells the familiar and overly simplistic story: Violence is increasing, driven by gangs, and the solut...

Investigated six plant extracts viz.,, kaner leaf extract (Nerium indicum), khejri leaf extract (Prosopis cineraria), neem leaf extract (Azadirachta indica), safeda leaf extract (Eucalyptus globulus), tomato leaf extract (Lycopersicum esculentum) and mustard seed extract (Brassica compestris) and four plant powders viz.,, black pepper powder (Piper nigrum), garlic clove powder (Allium sativum),...