Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) are agreements among a set of countries involving preferential treatment of bilateral trade between any two parties to the agreement relative to their trade with the rest of the world. Preferences, however, need not extend to all trade between the two, and the coverage could depend on the type of PTAs. Customs unions and the so-called free trade areas are co...

The inherent tension between trade preferences and the Most-Favoured Nation (MFN) principle has been mainly examined in the context of regional free trade agreements and customs unions. Much less attention has been given to non-reciprocal special trade preferences given by developed countries to developing countries. WTO rules on these special preferences are less explicit than WTO rules govern...

A deterministic inventory model with two levels of storage (own warehouse and rented warehouse) with non-instantaneous deteriorating items is studied. The supplier offers the retailer a trade credit period to settle the amount. Different scenarios based on the deterioration and the trade credit period have been considered. In this article, we have framed two models considering single warehouse ...

Free trade agreements and the decrease of barriers to trade have facilitated international business in many parts of the world. Simultaneously, globalisation has been beneficial for many. For Sámi people, there have been two sides of globalisation; while globalisation has brought an increase in technology and consumer goods, there has also been an increased need for cash, pulling people from tr...

this paper explores the capabilities of multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithmin a simulation-optimization model for solving waste load allocation problems. the main goals are totaltreatment costs, violation of the water quality standards and equity. in this research, the water qualitysimulation model is coupled with a multi-objective optimization model, mopso. in order to derive...

We evaluate the ability of a measure of external imbalances that combines the trade and the financial channels to forecast the real effective exchange rate for Chile. By making use of a quarterly database of external assets and liabilities for the period 1983 to 2005, and employing a recently developed test of out-of-sample predictive ability, we show that this measure is able to predict the re...

abstract:the paper begins by noting that proposals involving significant developments in the regional tradearchitecture are being developed within regional processes that in some cases are simultaneouslypursuing other dimensions of regional economic integration: monetary and financial cooperation inthe case of asean + 3, and the establishment of a common market in the case of asean. at leastthr...

The relationship between trade liberalisation and the environment has been the subject of a growing body of literature in recent years. As can be seen from the differing assessment of instrument types for environmental protection, one of the important factors for the relationship between environmental protection and economic competitiveness are regulatory stringency and efficiency. This concern...

This paper offers an improvement to the trade-to-trade model for event studies. While the trade-to-trade model of Maynes and Rumsey (1993) addresses the problem of thin trading by eliminating periods in which no trading is recorded, the proposed improvement addresses the influence of zero-value returns resulting from liquidity trading. This entails segmentation by the sign of company returns (p...