Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, which increase synaptic levels of available acetylcholine (ACh) by preventing its degradation, are the most extensively prescribed drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In animals, AChE inhibitors improve learning and memory, reverse scopolamine-induced amnesia, and produce hippocampal theta rhythm. The medial septum/diagonal band of Broca (MSDB...

The present study examined the effects of electrolytic lesions of the Medial SeptumrVertiŽ . Ž . cal Diagonal Band of Broca MSrVDBB , the Globus Pallidus GP and the SubstantiaŽ . InnominatarVentral Pallidum SIrVP on the performance of rats in object-recognition memory and radial-maze learning tests. In the latter test, subgroups of sham-operated, MSrVDBB, SIrVP and GP rats were treated with sal...

For a long time, it has been known that subarachnoid hemorrhage is likely to be followed by Korsakoff’s syndrome [13]. However, in many of the patients, the syndrome is transient. The remaining patients may show persistent anterograde memory deficits, as well as personality changes. This lasting syndrome is often referred to as ACoA (anterior communicating artery) syndrome because it is observe...

Urotensin-II-related peptide (URP) is an eight amino-acid neuropeptide recently isolated from rat brain and considered as the endogenous ligand for the GPR14 receptor. Using single and double immunohistochemical labelling, in situ hybridization and ultrastructural immunocytochemistry, we explored the cellular and subcellular localization of URP in the male rat brain. URP peptide was detected in...

Several cortical and diencephalic limbic brain regions incorporate neurons that fire in correlation with the speed of whole-body motion, also known as linear velocity. Besides the field mapping and head-directional information, the linear velocity is among the major signals that guide animal's spatial navigation. Large neuronal populations in the same limbic regions oscillate with theta rhythm ...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a uniquely human disorder. Although the pathogenesis of AD is not fully understood, growing evidence indicates that the deposition of beta-amyloid (Aβ) and the local reactions of various cell types to this protein play major roles in the development of the disease. In the present study transgenic mice expressing mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP) has been used. T...

Recognition memory requires processing of various types of information such as objects and locations. Impairment in recognition memory is a prominent feature of amnesia and a symptom of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons contain two major groups, one localized in the medial septum (MS)/vertical diagonal band of Broca (vDB), and the other in the nucleus basalis magnoce...

Neurotrophins have been implicated in regulating neuronal differentiation, promoting neuronal survival, and modulating synaptic efficacy and plasticity. The prevailing view is that, depending on the target and mode of action, most neurotrophins can be trafficked and released either anterogradely or retrogradely in an activity-dependent manner. However, the prototypic neurotrophin, nerve growth ...

Fibers projecting from several levels of the spinal cord to the diencephalon and telencephalon were labeled anterogradely with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin injected iontophoretically. Labeled fibers in the thalamus confirmed projections previously observed. In addition, many labeled fibers were seen in the hypothalamus and in telencephalic areas not generally recognized previously as rece...