The software TRiP98 [1, 2, 3] is successfully used for patient treatment planning in the GSI pilot project. A crucial part of the treatment planning is the particle number optimization. The main goal of optimization is to achieve a target dose distribution as close as possible to the prescribed biological dose distribution. Multiple field optimization (MFO) allows a better target conformity and...

Introduction: Brachytherapy is a type of radiotherapy in which radioactive sources are used in proximity of tumors normally for treatment of malignancies in the head, prostate and cervix. Materials and Methods: The Cs-137 Selectron source is a low-dose-rate (LDR) brachytherapy source used in a remote afterloading system for treatment of different cancers. This system uses active and inactive sp...

background: skin cancer can be treated by various methods. electron radiotherapy has been a useful therapeutic modality in the treatment of skin cancers in areas which are difficult to cure by other methods. depth dose distribution of 166ho using varskin2 code is presented in this work. material and methods: depth dose distribution of 166ho was calculated, using varskin2 code by adding of 166ho...

Background/introduction The biologic dose response curves of thermal dose and absorbed radiation dose have not been compared to each other even though they have both been extensively investigated separately and combined. Although heat and radiation produce cell kill by different biological mechanisms (Thermal dose denatures proteins and the radiation dose causes DNA damage) a comparison of dose...

The unit dose system of medication distribution is a pharmacy-coordinated method of dispensing and controlling medications in organized health-care settings. The unit dose system may differ in form, depending on the specific needs of the organization. However, the following distinctive elements are basic to all unit dose systems: medications are contained in single unit packages; they are dispe...

Until recently, the radiation dose to patients undergoing the 90Y selective internal radiation treatment (SIRT) procedure is determined by applying the partition model to 99mTc MAA pretreatment scan. There can be great uncertainty in radiation dose calculated from this approach and we presented a method to compute the 3D dose distributions resulting from 90Y SIRT based on 90Y positron emission ...

Medication errors are especially likely when health professionals engage in multiple tasks within a short time span. This situation occurs repeatedly in hospitals when pharmacists and technicians load unit-dose carts, and when nurses administer medications. Unit-dose carts are prepared daily, often manually, by technicians and then checked by pharmacists. These carts, containing thousands of pa...

BACKGROUND In food allergy, eliciting doses (EDs) of foods on a population level can improve risk management and labeling strategies for the food industry and regulatory authorities. Previously, data available for walnut were unsuitable to determine EDs. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine EDs for walnut allergic adults and to compare with previously established threshold d...

A comparison is made of the percentage compositions of major fatty acids in liver and testis phospholipids, liver and abdominal adipose tissue triglycerides, and liver sterol esters in male Fischer-344 rats administered a physiological saline control or a "smoking" dose of nicotine (1000 micro g base/kg/day, subcutaneously) for 2 or 22 months. Results indicate that there is no major trend, or s...

Tissue-equivalent phantoms are suitable tools for radiation dosimetry investigations. The goal of this study was to determine the scattered dose in a simple phantom model mouse with xenographic tumour using experimental measurements and Monte-Carlo calculations. We manufactured cubic polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) an extrusion on its side both normal tissue xenograft tumour-bearing mouse. posit...