BACKGROUND Cholera continues to remain endemic in over 50 countries and has caused large epidemics with around 3-5 million cases occurring every year in Asia alone. In India, cholera is endemic in many states. However, etiological information and age-specific incidence related to cholera outbreaks is limited. In November 2013, district authorities reported a cluster of diarrheal disease among r...

An advanced, multi-dimensional, and massively parallel simulation approach based on quantum mechanical concepts is introduced and its numerical algorithms briefly summarized. It has been implemented in a computer aided design tool called OMEN, specifically dedicated to next generation nanoelectronic devices. OMEN can treat electron, hole, and phonon (thermal) transport in realistically sized ul...

After the price hike and panic two years ago when grain prices reached record levels, recent harvests have generally been good and prices have stabilised. But a new report by the UN's Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) suggests that many challenges lie ahead. Food prices are likely to rise by as much as 40 per cent over t...

Components of drain leakage currents in the off-state of MOSFET are gate-induced drain-leakage (GIDL) and drain junction reverse currents. Device degradation phenomenon and mechanism by GIDL have been well known, but those by drain junction reverse current (IDJR). have not. In this paper, device degradation mechanisms by drain junction reverse current in the off-state were studied through I-V c...

Dilution factors are a critical component in estimating concentrations of so-called "down-the-drain" chemicals (e.g., pharmaceuticals) in rivers. The present study estimated the temporal and spatial variability of dilution factors around the world using geographically referenced data sets at 0.5° × 0.5° resolution. Domestic wastewater effluents were derived from national per capita domestic wat...