We investigate how the relationship between economic growth and pollution is affected by the source of pollution: production or consumption. We are interested in polluting waste that cannot be naturally absorbed, but for which recycling efforts aim to avoid massive pollution accumulation with harmful consequences in the long run. We distinguish the cases where recycling efforts are capital-impr...

 replacing existing buildings and equipment with higher welfare systems often involves very large capital outlay costs. However, these costs will be much reduced if the change is delayed until the existing facility has reached the end of its working life;  where a producer is constructing a new building (rather than replacing an existing one) the capital costs entailed in selecting a higher w...

The allocation of emission entitlements across countries is the single most controversial issue in international climate policy. Extreme positions within the policy debate range from entitlements based on current emission patterns (CEP) to equal-per-capita (EPC) allocations. Convergence (COV) from an initial CEP allocation towards EPC emission rights represents a reconciliation of the two. This...

The effects that such factors as wages, welfare policies and access to physicians, family planning clinics and abortion providers have on abortion rates and birthrates are examined in analyses based on 1978-1988 state-level data and longitudinal regression techniques. The incidence of abortion is found to be lower in states where access to providers is reduced and state policies are restrictive...

1. The OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals are periodically reviewed in the light of scientific progress, changing regulatory needs and animal welfare considerations. The original Test Guideline 487 was adopted in 2010; it has been revised in the context of an overall review of the OECD Test Guidelines on genotoxicity. A document presented as an Introduction to the Test Guidelines on g...

1 ROPI TM refers to a software module now being commercialized as part of KTEC's KTRAK TM project tracking system for technology development. This paper describes part of the earlier research that led to development of the software module. Abstract The sole objective of government in " traditional " benefit-cost analysis is assumed to be maximizing dollars of aggregate generalized income. But e...

Regime theory, the dominant paradigm in the study of urban politics, maintains that cities are governed by informal arrangements consisting of public and private sector elites. Because economic growth is the main policy objective of regimes, research has tended to focus on mayoral coalition building and development policy. Thus much less attention has been paid to policies that more directly im...

Much has been written about how law as an institution has developed to solve many problems that human societies face. Inherent in all of these explanations are models of how humans make decisions. This article discusses what current neuroscience research tells us about the mechanisms of human decision making of particular relevance to law. This research indicates that humans are both more capab...

The view of animals as optimizers is extremely important in many parts of biology, and is represented in a variety of theoretical models. Current developments in animal welfare create a need for a new theoretical model, which treats the animal as acting optimally in its choice of a sequence of behaviours, and places as few restrictions as possible on what quantity is being maximized. The intent...