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The design of an oesophageal cannula for goats, sheep and cattle is described. The cannula consists of a base, threaded bar and stopper made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or wood. The surgical procedure in goats for inserting the cannula is described as well as how to keep the wound around the cannula clean.

Dopamine neurons track reward by increasing or decreasing their firing rate when a reward is present or absent. In this issue of Neuron, Stopper et al. (2014) demonstrate that artificially eliminating these dopamine bursts or dips can alter risky decision-making.

Crystalline surface layer proteins (S-layer proteins) have considerable potential for the crystalline arrays in biotechnology, biomimetics and nonlife applications, including areas such as microelectronics and molecular nanotechnology. The extensive application potential of surface layers in nanobiotechnology is according to the particular inherent attributes of the single molecular arrays cons...

Porous silicon obtained on n-type silicon by photoelectrochemical etching in HF, is formed of a macroporous silicon layer beneath a nanoporous silicon layer. Microstructural investigations and chemical analysis at the aiomic level of the nanoporous silicon film (obtained from a highly doped (Ill) oriented Si substrate) have been done by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) a...

Micromachined, micron-thick porous alumina membranes with closed pore endings show high electron transparency above an energy of 5 keV. This is due to the channeling of electrons along the negatively charged insulating pores after surmounting the thin entrance layer. We also find a sharp hightransparency energy window at energies as low as 2 keV which may be the result of a local maximum of cha...

In this paper, we investigate the carrier injection and transport characteristics in iridium(III)bis[4,6-(di-fluorophenyl)-pyridinato-N,C2']picolinate (FIrpic) doped phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) with oxadiazole (OXD) as the bipolar host material of the emitting layer (EML). When doping Firpic inside the OXD, the driving voltage of OLEDs greatly decreases because FIrpic ...