: Optical separate spatial dark and bright soliton pairs in steady-state case in one dimension, for a series circuit consisting of two-photon photorefractive (PR) crystal are investigated. Each crystal can be supported the spatial soliton, and at least one must be photovoltaic. The two solitons are known collectively as separate spatial soliton pairs with dark–dark, bright–dark and bright–brigh...

Modern education is hard to imagine without the use of e-learning tools, but still the transition from traditional “paper-and-pencil” examining to electronic exams is to some extent cautious. Although course administration and exam evaluation are much easier with learning management systems, there are concerns among teaching staff, that electronic tests simplify examination process compared to ...

A proper battery management system (BMS) plays a vital role in ensuring the safety and reliability of electric vehicles (EVs) other electronic products. Accurate State-of-Health (SOH) estimation Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries is key factor BMS. It difficult to determine SOH because complexity electrochemical reactions within battery. To improve accuracy estimation, dynamic spatial-temporal atte...

Acknowledgements I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Dr. Marilyn Masson, who so kindly took me under her wing during my sophomore year as a member of her Economic Foundations of Mayapán Project, not once but on four separate occasions. She taught me the value and enjoyment of archaeology in a world increasingly unconnected to its past; what it means to collaborate in a multicultural...

The behavior of several landscape pattern metrics were tested against various pattern scenarios generated by neutral landscape models, including number of classes, scale-map extent, scale-resolution, class proportion, aggregation level—RULE, and aggregation level—SimMap. The results demonstrate that most of the metrics are sensitive to certain pattern scenarios, yet are not sensitive to others;...

A map is not only a result of human spatial environment cognition, but also a tool of human spatial cognition. For many centuries, as a kind of graphic communication tool of spatial information, a map has been playing an important role in human spatial cognition. Spatial cognition is the process of spatial information processing. Spatial cognition is an important research area of cognitive scie...

Introduction: Consumption of vitamin D3 is effective to reduce intensity of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Neurons of the central nervous system are constantly exposed to reactive oxygen species and these factors play a key role in the destruction of myelin and damage of axons. The hippocampus is a vital center for learning and memory in central nervous system. This area is ...

Electronic structure and dynamics determine material properties and behavior. Important time scales for electronic dynamics range from attoseconds to milliseconds. Two-dimensional optical spectroscopy has proven an incisive tool to probe fast spatiotemporal electronic dynamics in complex multichromophoric systems. However, acquiring these spectra requires long point-by-point acquisitions that p...