BACKGROUND: Physical activity is increasingly recognized as an important factor influencing health and disease status. Total energy expenditure, both low-intensity and high-intensity, contributes to maintenance of healthy body weight. This paper presents the results of a quantitative approach to determining the activities that contribute to total energy expenditure in the United States. METHODS...

The accuracy and noninvasive nature of the doubly labeled water (DLW) method makes it ideal for the study of human energy metabolism in free-living conditions. However, the DLW method is not always practical in many developing and Asian countries because of the high costs of isotopes and equipment for isotope analysis as well as the expertise required for analysis. This review provides informat...

Distributed energy resources (DERs) in distribution networks have great potential for providing capacity reserves to the transmission systems. In this context, this paper focuses on optimizing the aggregated flexibility of DERs in power distribution networks, involving both network-wide voltage constraints, and individual device operating constraints. The intended task is first formulated as a ...

Walking and running are two mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure during terrestrial locomotion. Duty factor, dimensionless speed, existence of an aerial phase, percentage recovery (PR) or phase shift of mechanical energy and shape of the vertical ground reaction force profile have been used to discriminate between walking and running. Although these criteria work well for the classifica...

Theory of the first-order Fermi acceleration of cosmic ray particles at relativistic shock waves is reviewed. We consider shocks with parallel and oblique, suband super-luminal magnetic field configurations and with finite-amplitude magnetic field perturbations. A role of oblique field configurations and field perturbations in forming the cosmic ray energy spectrum and changing the acceleration...

The human body adapts dynamically to maintain total energy expenditure (TEE) within a narrow physiological range. Rather than increasing with physical activity in a dose-dependent manner, experimental and ecological evidence suggests the hypothesis that TEE is a relatively constrained product of our evolved physiology.

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For one-dimensional kinetic BGK models, regarded as relaxation models for scalar conservation laws with genuinely nonlinear fluxes, existence of small amplitude travelling waves is proven. Dynamic stability of these kinetic shock profiles is shown by extending a classical energy method for viscous regularizations of conservation laws.

We experimentally study dispersive shock waves in nonlinear waveguide arrays. In contrast with gap solitons, the nonlinearity here pushes the propagation constant further into the transmission bands, facilitating Bloch mode coupling and energy transport. We directly observe this coupling, both within and between bands, by recording intensity in position space and power spectra in momentum space.