background a review of the related medical journals indicates that there is no definite evidence-based option for managing large proximal ureteral stones, although many procedures such as transureteral lithotripsy (tul), shock wave lithotripsy (swl), percutaneous nephrolithotripsy, laparoscopic ureterolithotomy, and open ureterolithotomy are currently used to treat this urological problem. obje...

Formation of shock waves has an important role in supercritical flows studies. These waves are often occurring during passage of supercritical flow in the non-prismatic channels. In the present study, the effect of length of contraction wall of open-channel for two different geometries (1.5 m and 0.5 m) and fixed contraction ratio was investigated on hydraulic parameters of shock waves using ex...

Shock waves are defined as types of acoustic pressure waves that develop during sudden releases of energy. The best-known natural phenomenon is thunder following lightning. Another example is the “bang” an aircraft produces when it breaks the sound barrier. Both focused shock waves and unfocused sound waves are produced in these examples. Additionally, almost all other forms of energy are relea...

a considerable amount of energy is released in the form of shock wave from explosive charge detonation. shock wave energy is responsible for the creation of crushing and fracture zone around the blast hole. the rest of the shock wave energy is transferred to rock mass as ground vibration. ground vibration is conveyed to the adjacent structures by body and surface waves. geological structures li...

Shock waves, high-energy sound or pressure waves (like thunder following lightening or a small, focused explosion), have little to do with electric shock. Shock waves can be generated in many ways, but electrohydraulic devices have the greatest capacity to produce and project high energy to a deep focal depth. ESWT can be highly focused and can achieve a focal point beyond 10 cm into deeper tis...

What are shock waves? Extracorporeal shock waves are pressure waves generated outside the body that can be focused at a specific site within the body. Shock waves are characterized by high positive pressures, up to 100 MPa (over 100 times atmospheric pressure), and negative pressures of 5-10 MPa. They have a rapid rise time of 30-120 nanoseconds (10-9) and a short, 5 microsecond (10-6) pulse du...

where u = u{x,t) E R , the flux f(u) is a smooth n-vector-valued function, and the viscosity B(u) is a smooth n x n matrix. We are interested in the stability of traveling waves, the "viscous shock waves", for (1). It is shown that when the initial data are a perturbation of viscous shock waves, then the solution converges to these viscous shock waves, properly translated in space, in the unifo...

Using an apparatus that images the momentum distribution of individual, isolated 100-nm-scale plasmas, we make the first experimental observation of shock waves in nanoplasmas. We demonstrate that the introduction of a heating pulse prior to the main laser pulse increases the intensity of the shock wave, producing a strong burst of quasimonoenergetic ions with an energy spread of less than 15%....

Three new types of discontinuously propagating waves are reported in the bathoferroin-catalyzed Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction dispersed in water-in-oil Aerosol OT microemulsion. Jumping waves (JWs) are typically observed at or above room temperature and develop from the familiar trigger waves. Bubble waves (BWs) typically emerge from trigger or JWs at similar temperatures, while rotating w...

Some properties of the annular billiard under the presence of weak dissipation are studied. We show, in a dissipative system, that the average energy of a particle acquires higher values than its average energy of the conservative case. The creation of attractors, associated with a chaotic dynamics in the conservative regime, both in appropriated regions of the phase space, constitute a generic...