There has been substantial research on the bene ts of accumulating foreign reserves, but less relative merits how these reserves are accumulated. In this paper we explore whether form accumulation a ects country risk. We rst present model endogenous sovereign debt defaults, where show that reserve through issuance contingent local output reduces spreads in way with borrowing does not. con rm pr...

myocardial fractional flow reserve (ffr) is a new index of the functional significance of intermediate coronary stenoses that is calculated from pressure measurements made during coronary arteriography. the aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between non-hyperemic coronary pressure dicrotic notch and fractional flow reserve (ffr). a consecutive of 114 patients (73 men and 41 women...

The risk premium is a function of both the interest rate differential and the gap between the current exchange rate and its long-run equilibrium in a model of the foreign exchange market with both non-speculating traders and rational speculators. If the speculators have an alternative to specializing in exchange-rate speculation, then there should be no presumption that uncovered interest parit...

This article provides an analysis of the economic cost incurred by world through use fiat international reserve currency since end 1971 gold standard system. The uses Quantity Theory Money to provide empirical manifestation how yields income its issuing country provision inflation buffer, which is equivalent what frames as imperial rent currency. then a method estimate cumulative quantity this ...

OBJECTIVE White matter hyperintensities (WMH), visualized on T2-weighted MRI, are thought to reflect small-vessel vascular disease. Much like other markers of brain disease, the association between WMH and cognition is imperfect. The concept of reserve may account for this imperfect relationship. The purpose of this study was to test the reserve hypothesis in the association between WMH severit...

BACKGROUND Chronic dysfunctional but viable myocardium may exhibit contractile reserve and/or intact perfusion. Segments with intact perfusion without contractile reserve are frequently observed inpatients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. The clinical relevance of this observation is unclear; in particular, the functional outcome after revascularization is unknown. Thus, contractile reserve (using...

From the optimization point of view, an optimum solution of the unit commitment problem with reliability constraints can be achieved when all constraints are simultaneously satisfied rather than sequentially or separately satisfying them. Therefore, the reliability constraints need to be appropriately formulated in terms of the conventional unit commitment variables. In this paper, the reli...

The development of quantitative angiography and the introduction of new imaging techniques cannot replace functional methods of assessing the severity of stenosis. Measurement of transstenotic pressure gradient and poststenotic flow velocity using miniaturised sensors with guidewire technology offers an alternative to the conventional non-invasive methods that is immediately applicable in the c...

I estimate a transition probability matrix associated with two-state Markov process of emerging market economies (EMEs) volatility. The different states EMEs volatility, generate switches in central bank preferences between approximated constant relative risk aversion and increasing expected utility. Therefore, construct propose constrained portfolio selection frameworks skewness, for the curre...