The SMS4 block cipher is part of the Chinese WAPI wireless standard. It is a 32-round block cipher with 128-bit blocks and 128-bit keys. This paper explores algebraic attacks on SMS4 using Gröbner basis attacks on equation systems over GF(2) and GF(28), as well as attacks using a SAT solver derived from the GF(2) model.

GF (Grammatical Framework) is a Logical Framework enriched with concrete syntax speciications. Ordinary type-theoretical judgements of typing and deenitional equality specify a theory. In addition, a judgement carries a description of how to produce a string in concrete syntax. The intended principal application area of GF is natural languages. It describes formal languages just as well, althou...

In this paper we present an ongoing research investigating the possibility and potential of integrating frame semantics, particularly FrameNet, in the Grammatical Framework (GF) application grammar development. An important component of GF is its Resource Grammar Library (RGL) that encapsulates the low-level linguistic knowledge about morphology and syntax of currently more than 20 languages fa...

The security of pairing-based cryptography is based on the hardness of solving the discrete logarithm problem (DLP) over extension field GF(p) of characteristic p and degree n. Joux et al. proposed an asymptotically fastest algorithm for solving DLP over GF(p) (JLSV06-NFS) as the extension of the number field sieve over prime field GF(p) (JL03-NFS). The lattice sieve is often used for a largesc...

Adenosine is known to stimulate interleukin (IL)-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion from pituitary TtT/GF folliculostellate [corrected] (FS) cells indicating that it is an important paracrine regulator of anterior pituitary function. This study demonstrates that rodent anterior pituitary cell lines produce extracellular adenosine that is able to increase intercellular gap...

In this article we present a low-cost coprocessor for smartcards which supports all necessary mathematical operations for a fast calculation of the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) based on the finite field GF(2m). These ECDSA operations are GF(2m) addition, 4-bit digit-serial multiplication in GF(2m), inversion in GF(2m), and inversion in GF(p). An efficient implementation of...

Humans and other primates shift their attention to follow the gaze of others [gaze following (GF)]. This behavior is a foundational component of joint attention, which is severely disrupted in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia. Both cortical and subcortical pathways have been implicated in GF, but their contributions remain largely untested. While the proposed subcor...