BACKGROUND Fetal growth restriction is associated with metabolic derangements in the newborn, impaired functioning in childhood and chronic diseases in adulthood. Differences between ethnic groups with respect to fetal growth may result in the misclassification of constitutionally small or large babies as having abnormal growth for their gestational age. We have developed intrauterine growth ch...

There is increasing evidence that proximal femoral geometry has an important role in the aetiology of hip fractures. We performed a simple radiological study to investigate the relationship between proximal femoral geometry and intracapsular and extracapsular fractures of the proximal femur. Measurements of proximal femoral geometry were made on pelvic radiographs on the contralateral hip of 50...

PURPOSE To investigate optic nerve head size and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness according to refractive status and axial length. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, 252 eyes of 252 healthy volunteers underwent ocular biometry measurement as well as optic nerve head and RNFL imaging by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Correlation and linear regression analyses were per...

We investigated the importance of the myosin head in thick filament formation and myofibrillogenesis by generating transgenic Drosophila lines expressing either an embryonic or an adult isoform of the myosin rod in their indirect flight muscles. The headless myosin molecules retain the regulatory light-chain binding site, the alpha-helical rod and the C-terminal tailpiece. Both isoforms of head...

OBJECTIVES Ergometer training is a common cause of injuries in rowers. A randomised crossover study comparing two power head designs was carried out to examine ergonomic risk factors. METHODS Six elite male rowers undertook 20 minute fatiguing rowing pieces with both fixed and floating power heads. A CODA MPX infrared telemetric motion analysis detector and the ergometer's interface were used...

INTRODUCTION Despite structural distinction between the transverse and oblique heads of the adductor pollicis, in vivo testing continues to consider the adductor pollicis as functionally simplistic. As a muscle's architecture is a strong indicator of function, in this study we aimed to determine whether the physiological cross-sectional areas (PCSAs) of both heads were uniform. METHODS Classi...

BACKGROUND A recent update suggested that the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidance on head injury had led to safe early discharge, evidence of a reduction in the numbers of admitted patients and cost savings in some centres. The aim of this study was to use national Hospital Episodes Statistics (HES) data to determine whether admissions with head injury have cha...

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The importance of reporting and grading surgical complications is central to quality improvement in head and neck surgery. The purpose of this study is to assess the interobserver reliability, content validity, and construct validity of the Clavien-Dindo classification system for use in grading complications related to head and neck surgery. STUDY DESIGN 1 and 2. METHO...

In this study, the force-length characteristics of the in vivo medial (GM) and lateral (GL) heads of the human gastrocnemius muscle were estimated from measurements in eight healthy male subjects. This involved: 1) dynamometry-based measurements of the moment generated during maximal isometric plantar flexion; 2) ultrasound-based measurements of fascicular length and pennation angle; and 3) ult...