A Hale cycle, one complete magnetic cycle of the Sun, spans two complete Schwabe cycles (also referred to as sunspot and, more generally, solar cycles). The approximately 22-year Hale cycle is seen in magnetic polarities of both sunspots and polar fields, as well as in the intensity of galactic cosmic rays reaching Earth, with oddand even-numbered solar cycles displaying qualitatively different...

Carbon-based acid–base bifunctional catalyst was synthesized by the functionalization of activated carbon (AC) with 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl and H2SO4 via sulfhydrylation, ammonifiation, sulfonation successively. The as-prepared NH2-AC-SO3H characterized infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis Brunauer–Emmet–Teller specific area analysis, it ...

Malic acid is a dicarboxylic acid widely used in the food industry, and is also a potential C4 platform chemical. Corncob is a low-cost renewable feedstock from agricultural industry. However, side-reaction products (furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), formic acid, and acetic acid) that severely hinder fermentation are formed during corncob pretreatment. The process for producing malic aci...

This study aimed to valorize microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) using protonated zeolite catalysts such as (H-ZSM-5) and Cr/H-ZSM-5 (5%) in ionic liquid. The catalytic effect synergy with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride ([BMIM] Cl) liquid was studied detail. total reducing sugar (TRS) determined the 3, 5-dinitrisalcylic acid (DNS) array method. were characterized techniques Fourier transform...

BACKGROUND Chemical and physical pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass improves substrate reactivity for increased microbial biofuel production, but also restricts growth via the release of furan aldehydes, such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). The physiological effects of these inhibitors on thermophilic, fermentative bacteria are important to understand; especially as cellul...

There is a push towards the use of renewable adhesives in particle board manufacturing industry. A remaining barrier for successful implementation carbohydrate-based necessity rapid cure behavior at lower temperatures (105–120 °C). The aim this work was to study effect highly reactive, bio-based 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) on speed fructose-bishexamethylenetriamine (BHMT) adhesive. technologi...

Five patients with type V skin were studied to describe the clinical manifestations, pathological features, and treatment response in hypopigmented mycosis fungoides (HMF). The mean age of patients was 22.4 years at diagnosis, with a mean of 36 months of diagnostic delay. Two were children aged 11 and 13 years. Skin patches were limited to sunlight-covered body areas. In tropical climate, expos...

Ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to elucidate xylose and glucose degradation pathways. In the case of xylose, a 2,5-anhydride intermediate was observed leading to the formation of furfural through elimination of water. This pathway agrees with one of the mechanisms proposed in the literature in that no open chain intermediates were found. In the case of glucose, a ser...

HMf, a histone-related protein from Methanothermus fervidus, was found to bind preferentially to a DNA that is intrinsically bent as a result of the presence of phased oligo(dA) tracts. The intergenic regions in M. fervidus DNA are A+T rich and frequently contain oligo(dA) tracts, some of which may have the size and phasing required to create a net bending in one direction. The binding of HMf t...