This paper attempts to provide an approach to understand, not just describe, the judgement process in auditing. It will make some general criticisms of currently established judgement methods from the view point that without an adequate understanding of underlying social interactions, efforts oriented towards judgement formulation will continue to be unrewarding. It will present an alternative ...

These reforms have also been affected by changes in national and international allocation of resources to the health sector, the attribution of responsibility for health, and the increasing commodification of health in almost all countries [2]. Policy changes, some progressive, others retrogressive, wide-ranging biomedical and social research, and efforts to improve sexual and reproductive heal...

Why do governments so often fail to adopt reforms that economists consider efficiencyenhancing? This is the question addressed in an influential paper by Raquel Fernandez and Dani Rodrik (1991). They argue that one of the reasons is that individual winners and losers of reform can often not be identified beforehand. This individual-specific uncertainty leads to a bias against reform. Before tur...

In this paper I will introduce the trapezoidal intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (IF numbers) and will prove some operations for them. Also I am going to propose a new ordering method for IF numbers in which I will consider two characteristic values of membership and non-membership functions for an IF number. These values are defined by the integral of the inverse fuzzy membership and non-membership...

Working-age people with disabilities are much more likely than people without disabilities to live in poverty and not be employed or have shared in the economic prosperity of the late 1990s. Today's disability policies, which remain rooted in paternalism, create a "poverty trap" that recent reforms have not resolved. This discouraging situation will continue unless broad, systemic reforms promo...

Zambia is one of the poorest countries in sub-Saharan Africa and there is evidence that suggests that living standards worsened during part of the 1990s. There is evidence, using national poverty lines, that poverty increased between 1991 and 1996 by 20% among the those below a food-only poverty line and by 16% among those below a general poverty line (McCulloch et al, 2001). In 1996 an estimat...

John Martin has written an excellent overview paper on the nature, role and consequences of active labour market policies. He considers the (strong) rationale for active versus passive labour market expenditure, describes the main results from an extensive evaluation literature, and offers practical suggestions concerning successful program design. I am confident that the paper will become a wi...