Background: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is one of the greatest social health problems in many communities in the twenty-first century. Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) could decrease HIV infection among injection drug users (IDU). The main aim of this paper was to determine the cost-effectiveness of the governmental MMT program to prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) i...

In fiscal year 1982, Federal, State, and local governments spent $592.6 billion for public social welfare purposes.r This was an increase of $42.1 billion, or 7.6 percent, over the amount spent on social welfare the previous year. Measured in constant dollars, such expenditures rose 1.7 percent from 1981 to 1982. Social welfare spending represented 19.3 percent of Gross National Product (GNP) i...

Research suggests that widows and widowers experience substantial economic vulnerability. Using nationally representative data from the Consumer Expenditure Surveys 1980-2000, we describe pre-wldowhood shifts in medical and funeral/buria! expenditures and discuss how these changes may affect post-widowhood economic well-being. Our analyses suggest that funeral/burial and medical expenditures, w...

the water and wastewater considered as one of capital intensive industrials in iran because it has 436 thousand milliard rial in fixed asset, 32.8 million rial in monopolistic market and the share of 0.05 % in gdp. the statistics showed that there is approximately 22 % of facilities and equipment in industrial production process as uncompleted projects. the need for macro investment, the limite...

Private social welfare expenditures were $680.7 billion in calendar year 1990. Viewed as a share of gross national product (GNP), private expenditures were 12.3 percent for calendar year 1990, while public expenditures for fiscal year 1990 were 19.1 percent of GNP (table 1). The private social welfare expenditure series was developed by the Social Security Administration (SSA) in 1955, with pro...

Introduction. Typically, investment in petroleum exploration and development yields a joint product: reserves of oil and natural gas. The reserve additions are separable, but the expenditures generating reserve additions cannot be neatly partitioned between the two hydrocarbon sources.

In fiscal year 1984, public social welfare expenditures’ reached $672.0 billion, an increase of 4.7 percent over the amount spent by Federal, State, and local governments in 1983. Measured in constant (1984) dollars, the increase was only 0.5 percent more than the previous year’s amount and was the lowest real increase since 1978-79. Public welfare spending represented 18.2 percent of the gross...

india is much more integrated with the world economy. both current and capital accounts are complementing to each other. the economic slowdown that appears to have begun in the usa in september, 2008 has some negative impact on indian economy. the most immediate and adverse effect of this global financial crisis on india is an out flow of foreign institutional investment (fii) from the capital ...