the present study was conducted to compare the effect of individual and group pre-task planning on efl learners’ accuracy and complexity in speaking. to fulfill the purpose of the study, 60 intermediate female learners at the first grade of high school were chosen by means of a sample preliminary english test (pet) and randomly divided into two experimental groups of 30 students; the individual...

One of the related problems of OCR systems is discrimination of fonts in machine printed document images. This task improves performance of general OCR systems. Proposed methods in this paper are based on various fractal dimensions for font discrimination. First, some predefined fractal dimensions were combined with directional methods to enhance font differentiation. Then, a novel fractal dime...

objectives: the main goal of this studywas to determine the ability of elderly adults abstract to selectively allocate attentional demands on walking during secondary motor and cognitive tasks. methods and materials: in this prospective three factors mixed design, 33 elderly adultswithout a history of falls and 23 elderly adults with a history of falls were asked to performtimed up and go test ...

This paper summarizes a model of interaction for CVEs inspired by the process followed in human communication in the real world, detailing both the main elements and the communication process itself. The model proposed copies some properties of the real world communication but also allows the easy integration of Task Analysis to the design of CVEs, helping the developer in the design of the app...

In this paper we formulate a training framework and present a method for task independent utterance verification. Verification-specific HMMs are defined and discriminatively trained using minimum verification error training. Task independence is accomplished by performing the verification on the subword level and training the verification models using a general phonetically balanced database th...

1. introduction language teachers frequently observe a gap between their students' potential competence and their performance in the class. anderson (1993) attributes this to the fact that human has a limited processing capacity and is not able to attend to various aspects of a task simultaneously. this limitation causes l2 learners not to be able to focus on both meaning and form at the same t...

This paper describes a method of task adaptation in N-gram language modeling, for accurately estimating the N-gram statistics from the small amount of data of the target task. Assuming a task-independent N-gram to be a-priori knowledge, the N-gram is adapted to a target task by MAP (maximum a-posteriori probability) estimation. Experimental results showed that the perplexities of the task adapt...