Leaf area index (LAI) is an important ecological parameter that characterizes the interface between a vegetation canopy and the atmosphere. Indirect measurements of LAI using optical techniques such as the LAI-2000 plant canopy analyzer have been routinely conducted for different vegetation canopies including forests and agricultural crops. However, little attention has been paid to shrub canop...

A. G. Greenwald, M. R. Klinger, and E. S. Schuh (1995) have proposed a regression method for detecting unconscious cognition in experiments that obtain measures of indirect and direct effects of stimuli with suspected unconscious effects. Their indirect-on-direct-measure regression approach can produce misleading evidence for indirect effects in the absence of direct effects when the direct-eff...

We investigated the basic characteristics of indirect arterial blood pressure (ABP) measurement using a device that combines oscillometry and photoplethysmography in cats. Dobutamine was infused intravenously in four anesthetized cats. Direct ABP was measured by a catheter. Indirect ABP was measured from the left forelimb. Dobutamine significantly elevated both systolic arterial pressure (SAP) ...

OBJECTIVE To compare direct and indirect bead-based T-cell isolation followed by magnetic bead-based DNA isolation. METHODS T-cells were isolated by direct or indirect selection with magnetic bead coated antbiodies followed by magnetic bead-based automated DNA isolation in 10 healthy subjects. Purity of T-cells, purity of DNA (by A260/A280 ratio measurement) and DNA concentration were assesse...

Indirect calorimetry (IC) measurements to estimate resting energy expenditure (REE) necessitate a stable measurement period or steady state (SS). There is limited evidence when assessing the time to reach SS in young, healthy adults. The aims of this prospective study are to determine the approximate time to necessary reach SS using open-circuit IC and to establish the appropriate duration of S...

The speech quality in modern wireless networks has been traditionally measured by metrics which are derived from radio link measurements. The indirect measurement of speech quality based on such metrics is unreliable and often precious network resources are sacrificed to make up for this. In this paper, a perceptual metric is considered for direct measurement of speech quality and the framework...

In this report, criteria for adequacy measurement for objects in OO software are presented. Coverage criteria that address internal object structure have been developed. These criteria include coverage of direct and indirect inter-method ows in addition to internal method control ows. Results from the analysis of a commercial system developed in C++ support the theory that coverage analysis bas...

a. Serum anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) measurement should not be used alone in the initial diagnosis of ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) but should be used in combination with the gold standard of tissue diagnosis. (Level 1 evidence) b. Measurement of ANCA by both ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) in combination ensures optimal test sensitivity and specificity. (Level I ...

cDNA microarray-based CGH (Microarray-CGH) is a useful technique for detecting genomic aberrations with a high resolution. However, the criteria for determining a genomic alteration have not been determined. We evaluated the genome-wide measurement of copy number of each gene in normal gastric and placenta tissues with both sex-matched, direct and sex-mismatched, indirect designs using 17K cDNA...

In this paper two aspects of poverty measurement are reviewed. First, some conceptual issues regarding the definition of poverty and its different dimensions are explored. Second, based on this discussion, a three-way classification of poverty measurement methodologies is introduced: income poverty line (a unidimensional, indirect approach); unsatisfied basic needs (a multidimensional, direct a...