This action research examines the concept of Willingness to Communicate (WTC) in a second language acquisition context. The researcher investigated the contributors of WTC in a foreign language classroom setting. Therefore, a multiple assignments method and sequence was applied. Participants of this study were students who matriculated in a United States (U.S.) undergraduate program, studying G...

1. Defining Uncertainty in Integrated Assessments 1.1. Integrated Assessments and Integrated Assessment Models 1.2. Different Categories of Uncertainties 1.3. Links between Integrated Assessment and Uncertainty 2. Implications of Uncertainty for Policy Formation 2.1. Uncertainty, Its Resolution, and the Policy Imperative 2.2. Uncertainty about Framing Questions and Adopting Decision Rules 3. Im...

I develop an analytic integrated assessment model of climate change. The paper closes a gap between complex numeric models used in policy advising and stylized models built for analytic insight. The climate component contains an explicit carbon cycle, the CO2 radiative forcing equation, and a atmosphere-ocean temperature dynamics. Economic production relies on various clean and dirty, and poten...

An assessment of the consequences of biological invasions and of the measures taken against must be at the base of each social decision in this field. Three forms of uncertainty can be distinguished that make such a decision difficult to take: (1) factual uncertainty, which encompasses not only risk, but also unknown probabilities of known consequences, and unknown consequences, (2) individual ...

introduction: the goal of integration of digital libraries (dl) is to utilize various autonomous dls in concert to provide knowledge from such island-dls. integrated digital libraries (idls) appeared after the emergence of dls in 1990s, invention of integrated information systems from 2000 and consolidation of them during the recent decade. the ministry of health and medical education (mhme) of...

Structural improvements at the vehicle front are state of the art in the field of pedestrian safety today and offer a basic passive protection. Meanwhile advanced safety systems have entered the market. Deployable systems, like the active bonnet or the windscreen airbag, further enhance the passive protection of passenger vehicles while systems of active safety such as autonomous emergency brak...

Model identification is an important and complicated step within the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) methodology framework. This step is especially difficult for integrated series. In this article first investigate Box-Jenkins methodology and its faults in detecting model, and hence have discussed the problem of outliers in time series. By using this optimization method, we wil...

Knowledge management in higher education is a set of organizational processes that support creating and transferring the knowledge in these institutions and allows for achieving organizational and university objectives. Therefore, for the proper management of organizational knowledge, appropriate tools are needed to be able to be aware of the effectiveness of knowledge management in organizatio...