Forest topsoil supports vegetation growth and contains the majority of soil nutrients that are important indices of soil fertility and quality. Therefore, estimating forest topsoil properties, such as soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (Total N), pH, litter-organic (O-A) horizon depth (Depth) and available phosphorous (AvaP), is of particular importance for forest development and managem...

Understanding the effects of intensive agricultural land use activities on water resources is essential for natural resource management and environmental improvement. In this paper, multi-scale nested watersheds were delineated and the relationships between two representative water quality indexes and agricultural land use intensity were assessed and quantified for the year 2000 using multi-sc...

Aerial photographs sometimes suffer from artifacts caused by vignetting effects and changing topographic sun–canopy–sensor geometry. In this paper, we present an empirical image restoration method that is based on multiscale relationships of image structures. The fine-scale image structures depict tree crowns in a deciduous forest and serve as units in the restoration process. The color image i...

BACKGROUND Online social networking use has been integrated into adolescents' daily life and the intensity of online social networking use may have important consequences on adolescents' well-being. However, there are few validated instruments to measure social networking use intensity. The present study aims to develop the Social Networking Activity Intensity Scale (SNAIS) and validate it amon...

BACKGROUND The Avahan programme has provided HIV prevention activities, including condom promotion, to female sex workers (FSWs) in southern India since 2004. Evidence suggests Avahan averted 202,000 HIV infections over 4 years. For replicating this intervention elsewhere, it is essential to understand how the intervention's impact could have been optimised for different budget levels. METHOD...

Since MR image intensities do not possess a tissue specific numeric meaning, even in images acquired for the same subject, on the same scanner, for the same body region, by using the same pulse sequence, it is important to transform the image scale into a standard intensity scale so that, for the same body region, intensities are similar. The lack of a standard image intensity scale in MRI lead...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anaerobic threshold (AT) with a graphic visual method for estimating the intensity of ventilatory and metabolic exertion and to determine the ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) on the Borg CR-10 scale during a continuous ramp type exercise test (CT-R). Forty healthy, physically active and sedentary young women (age 23.1 ± 3.52 years) were divided i...

background : dysmenorrhea or menstrual pain is one of the most common disorders experienced by 50% of women in their reproductive age. adverse effects of medical treatments and its failure rate of 20-25% have caused many women to seek other complementary and alternative treatment methods for primary dysmenorrhea. hence, this study aimed to compare and determine the efficacy of reflexology and i...

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To describe the pain experience of outpatients with cancer and explore the relationships with sleep disturbance, depression, and patient functioning. DESIGN Descriptive, cross-sectional study. SETTING Outpatient clinics at a large comprehensive cancer center in the southeastern United States. SAMPLE 85 patients with a pain intensity level of at least 3. METHODS Second...