To understand how the cerebellum adaptively times the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response (NMR), a model of the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) second messenger system in cerebellar Purkinje cells is constructed. In the model slow responses, generated postsynaptically by mGluR-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis, and calcium release from intracellular stores, bridge t...

Society faces a fundamental global problem of understanding which individuals are currently developing strong support for some extremist entity such as ISIS (Islamic State) – even if they never end up doing anything in the real world. The importance of online connectivity in developing intent has been confirmed by recent case-studies of already convicted terrorists. Here we identify dynamical p...

The experience of ten years of studying dE/dx is summarised. First, a helpful, if qualitative, picture of the electromagnetic field of a relativistic particle passing through a medium is discussed. Second, the salient steps in a rigorous calculation of dE/dx are outlined. Results of calculations for a variety of gases and configurations are given and the weakness of the calculation is pointed o...

Since 9/11, and even more so with the atrocities committed by ISIS in Iraq and Syria, violence in the name of God is predominantly perceived as a “different” kind of violence, which triggers more “absolute” and radical manifestations than its secular counter parts. In its first part, this article will challenge this so called exceptionalism of religious violence by questioning the neat divide b...

The ISIS ion source is a surface plasma ion source of the Penning type, and routinely produces 35 mA of H ions during a 200 μs pulse at 50 Hz for uninterrupted periods of up to 40 days. A new computer control system was installed in 1995, which, in addition to providing much tighter control of ion source parameters, has allowed these parameters to be logged every fifteen minutes and then averag...

Sensory systems pass information about an animal's environment to higher nervous system units through sequences of action potentials. When these action potentials have essentially equivalent waveforms, all information is contained in the interspike intervals (ISIs) of the spike sequence. We address the question: How do neural circuits recognize and read these ISI sequences ? Our answer is given...

Bu çal??mada I??D terör örgütünün ortaya ç?kmas?na ve büyümesine neden olan küresel yerel etkiler I??D'le mücadele yöntemi incelenmi?tir. Küresel ba?lam?nda ABD'nin 2003'te Irak i?gali sonras?nda sünnileri yönetimden d??layan politikalar?n?n, I??D'in toplumsal deste?inin artmas?na etkileri Yerel ise Nuri El-Maliki'nin mezhepçi yönetim yakla??m?, Sahva yap?lanmas?ndan deste?ini çekmesi, Sünniler...

Background: In spinal paired associative stimulation (PAS), orthodromic and antidromic volleys elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) coincide at corticomotoneuronal synapses at the spinal cord. The interstimulus interval (ISI) between TMS and PNS determines whether PAS leads to motor-evoked potential (MEP) potentiation or depression. PAS appl...