The etiology of drug abuse/dependence is a complex interplay of psychosocial and biological factors. These factors include socioeconomic status, education, drug availability, peer pressure, childhood and adult comorbid psychiatric disorders, and specific mutant genes. The emphasis of this chapter is on the role that genetic factors play in an individual's vulnerability to drug abuse/dependence,...

OBJECTIVE Previous studies demonstrated that a history of childhood trauma is linked to mental disorders in adulthood, particularly to depression. Adverse childhood experiences are also considered to contribute to the risk of hypochondriasis, but the results of previous studies have not been conclusive with respect to the strength and specificity of this association. Therefore, we compared the ...

conclusions considering non-modifiable risk factors, leaders and commanders may recognize more vulnerable soldiers and try to resolve modifiable factors and decrease the risk of getting worse (with respect to substance abuse) about 7.3 times. results totally, 6.7% of soldiers improved, 82% remained without change, 6.1% deteriorated, and 5.2% severely deteriorated with regard to their substance ...

BACKGROUND Drug abuse is one of the important challenges in the field of mental health and adolescence health promotion. Because of the social and medical cost of drug abuse and its consequences among youth people, it is necessary to intervene effectively. This theoretical based study explained predictability of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) on drug abuse related behaviors among adolesce...

Drug abuse is one of the highest occurrences of diseases globally, with increased cases of mental health, physical health and death problems. Drug control counselling centres and drug law enforcement agencies have made several efforts by implementing drug prohibition policies, campaign against drug abuse and creating awareness on risks associated with drug abuse. Unfortunately, drug abuse has b...

Data from 27,616 current and former drinkers interviewed in the 1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey were used to examine the relationship between age at first use of alcohol and the prevalence of lifetime alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence, among all U.S. adults 18 years of age and over and within subgroups defined by sex and race. The rates of lifetime dependence declined...

Stroke is a frequently reported, though uncommon, complication of drug abuse, primarily cocaine. The pathogenesis is uncertain, although such cerebrovascular events may result from sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction of cerebral vessels. Amphetamine, another sympathomimetic amine that is commonly abused, may also cause strokes by producing cerebral vasospasm and/or vasculitis. Amphetamine...