The network of delivering commodities has been an important design problem in our daily lives and many transportation applications. The delivery performance is evaluated based on the system reliability of delivering commodities from a source node to a sink node in the network. The system reliability is thus maximized to find the optimal routing. However, the design problem is not simple because...

This paper examines how prices set by multinational firms vary across arm’s-length and related-party customers. We find that arm’s length prices are substantially and significantly higher than related party prices for U.S.-based multinational exporters. The price difference is large even when comparing the export of the same good by the same firm to the same destination country in the same mont...

the analyses by the first ranked economists show that the economical growth of the countries that import oil or non-oil developing countries (nodcs) depends on the economical growth of the industrial countries. “goldstein” & “khan” by means of a long & complete verification show the dependence of the economical growth and “callier” also claims this fact that the economical growth of the countri...

Sustainability in 19 different Arab countries has been studied through investigating the relationship between economic development and energy consumption. Data collected has been studied as a whole (Total countries data) and as segregated data (Oil exporting and Oil importing countries data) i.e. three categories. The regression model used measures the effect of independent and control variable...

In this paper, a new approach to risk minimizing vehicle routing and scheduling problem is presented. Forwarding agents or companies have two main concerns for the collection of high-risk commodities like cash or valuable commodities between the central depot and the customers: one; because of the high value of the commodities transported, the risk of ambush and robbery are very high. Two; the ...

 Up to now, the impact of real exchange rate on the non-oil exports of Iran has been mainly on focus. However, the more important aspect of the fluctuations in exchange rate is its degree of volatility which can have profound effect on the non-oil exports. Hence, the main objective of this paper is to investigate the linkage between non-oil exports and the real exchange rate volatility for Iran...

a r t i c l e i n f o We analyze the market efficiency of 25 commodity futures across various groups—metals, energies, soft commodities , grains and other agricultural commodities. To do so, we utilize the recently proposed Efficiency Index to find out that the most efficient among all of the analyzed commodities is heating oil, closely followed by WTI crude oil, cotton, wheat, and coffee. On t...

Numerous research in Nigeria on the interaction effect between exchange rate and foreign reserves have been marginalized; this has therefore informed study to investigate nexus reserves, with focus Nigerian economy. External reserve was used as dependent variable, rate, inflation, non-oil export, oil real interest were independent variables. Time series data spanning 1980 2020 used. The employe...