In this paper we relate university licensing revenues to both university research expenditures and characteristics of the university and the university technology transfer office. We apply the Hausman–Taylor estimator for panel data with time-invariant explanatory variables and the Arellano–Bover dynamic panel model to unbalanced panels for the years 1991–2003 and balanced panels for the years ...

The Prevalence and Effects of Occupational Licensing This study provides the first nation-wide analysis of the labor market implications of occupational licensing for the U.S. labor market, using data from a specially designed Gallup survey. We find that in 2006, 29 percent of the workforce was required to hold an occupational license from a government agency, which is a higher percentage than ...

A customer-driven pricing and licensing model is a prerequisite for the business success of EuroDEM. Additionally, the implementation of the pricing and licensing model underpins the goals of INSPIRE and PSI Directives. EuroDEM is a pan-European geoinformation product that covers 40 countries in Europe. National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies own the DEM but EuroGeographics, whose activities fo...

Over the last decade, companies have increasingly focused on managing their intellectual assets. We build a model that helps understand how licensing activity should be organized within large corporations, and specifically, we compare decentralization -where the business unit using the technology makes licensing decisions -to the situation where a centralized unit is responsible. The business u...

Negative polarity items are characterized by their restriction to negative contexts. Ladusaw (1979) proposed that for the most-discussed negative polarity items (NPIs), licensing contexts have to observe the semantic property of being downward entailing (see de Swart 1998, for an accessible introduction). According to a competing analysis, at least some NPIs undergo scalar licensing (Fauconnier...

An analysis of French and Romance clitic constructions in simple clauses is proposed reconciling the two dominant approaches on this topic. This analysis treats them as involving both movement and base generation and, as part of a larger research program, assimilates the syntax of clitics to that of other functional heads. Accordingly, a clitic is analyzed as heading its own projection and as l...

This paper discusses Brazil's efforts to provide essential medicines for its population while meeting international trade obligations. In the 1950s and 1960s, Brazil's pharmaceutical industry was largely overtaken by foreign companies. To counteract this, Brazil enacted a law in 1971 that allowed the production of patented drugs in order to provide affordable medicines, encourage research and d...