BACKGROUND Significant advancements have occurred in surgical procedures and chemoradiation therapy for bladder preservation. METHODS This review addresses primary treatment options for bladder cancer, including an overview of bladder-sparing strategies. RESULTS Surgical series demonstrate that highly selected patients with cT2N0M0 urothelial bladder cancers can be managed with partial cyst...

Occupational therapy in Iran is relatively young-established in 1971-with a fluctuated development due to the Iranian revolution in 1979, and eight years war from 1981 to 1989. Today, there are ten Bachelor programs across the country approved by World Federation of Occupational Therapists (WFOT). Furthermore, occupational therapists have opportunities for further postgraduate training in both ...

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disorder which affect nervous system and is characterized with progressive distal motor neuron weakness. The survival motor neuron (SMN) protein level reduces in patients with SMA. Two different genes code survival motor neuron protein in human genome. Skeletal and intercostal muscles denervation lead to weakness, hypotony, hyporeflexia, respiratory fa...

OBJECTIVE To carry out a review of the management of early (clinically localised) prostate cancer. DATA SOURCE Review of all published literature on the management of early prostate cancer was carried out through medline and index medicus searches. DATA SELECTION Published data of the management of early prostate cancer over the last three decades were included in the review. DATA EXTRACT...

Background & Aims: Psychological treatment and the efficacy of drug therapy are considered to be useful in quality of life and symptoms of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of cognitive-behavior therapy associated with drug therapy in comparison to drug therapy alone on the quality of life and symptoms of IBS patients with diarrhea predomin...

BACKGROUND Music therapy during palliative and end-of-life care is well established and positive benefits for patients have been reported. AIM Assess the effectiveness of music therapy versus standard care alone or standard care in combination with other therapies for improving psychological, physiological and social outcomes among adult patients in any palliative care setting. DATA SOURCES...

BACKGROUND Dignity therapy is psychotherapy to relieve psychological and existential distress in patients at the end of life. Little is known about its effect. AIM To analyse the outcomes of dignity therapy in patients with advanced life-threatening diseases. DESIGN Systematic review was conducted. Three authors extracted data of the articles and evaluated quality using Critical Appraisal S...