Spirogyra living in running water is anchored to the substratum by rhizoids that form at the ends of the filaments. A new terminal cell differentiates into a rhizoid cell if the filament is injured. The mode of growth changes from diffuse to tip growth when rhizoid differentiation begins. In this study, we found that a callosic substance was synthesized during rhizoid differentiation. Decreasin...

Substance P has been proposed as a candidate neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the nociceptive system. Using a light microscopial immunohistochemical peroxidase-anti-peroxidase technique we have detected high substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) in several types of sensory organs of 4 species of gymnotiform teleost fish: olfactory epithelium, vestibular, lateral line and electrosensory ...

That insulin hypoglycemic therapy in mental patients lowers the level of amino acids in the blood has been pointed out in a previous publication (1). Some investigators have reported that insulin and carbohydrate administrations decrease protein metabolism (2, 3, 4). In the preceding paper, it was pointed out that glutamine might play a role in intermediary nitrogen metabolism and experiments w...

There are many facets of the neurobiology of substance use that are distinct in adolescence as compared with adulthood. The adolescent brain is subject to intense subcortical reward processes, but is left with an immature prefrontal control system that is often unable to resist the pull of potentially exciting activities like substance use, even when fully aware of the dangers involved. Peer in...

We refute the controversial statement that addiction is not a brain disorder. Extensive peer-reviewed studies support underlying neurobiological and neurogenetic basis of addiction’s “disease model.” In 70s 80s, few clinical scientists suggested it possible to use behavioral training teach controlled drinking. However, this model failed drastically increased labeling stigmatization. Additionall...

Fish, like many other animals, panic when another individual is injured. Now, the chemical nature of a substance that mediates this reaction has been uncovered.

background : the existing evidence about the clinical situations of the bipolar patients with opioid dependence is scarce. the present study was carried out to compare the clinical features and course of the bipolar disorder type i regarding the two subgroups of opioid dependent and non-dependent. methods : there were 178 adult patients with bipolar disorder type i consecutively referred to the...