This study discusses the phenomenon of Arabic literary criticism that occurred during period ignorance. By knowing critical phenomena existed jahiliyyah period, it will be known how character at time was. Literary was still very simple, namely by determining good and bad or comparing works with one another based on their natural taste. The result can seen in Muallaqa>t which some best poems ...

Evidence from infants and toddlers, and from preschool children learning either English, French, or Spanish as their first language are summarized to reveal the emergence of specific linkages between linguistic and conceptual development. The data suggest that infants begin the process of word learning with a general expectation that words (independent of the linguistic form) refer to objects a...

Multi-lingual generation starts from non-linguistic content representations for generating texts in different languages that are equivalent in meaning. In contrast, cross-lingual generation is based on a language-neutral content representation which is the result of a linguistic analysis process. Non-linguistic representations do not reflect the structure of the text. Quite differently, languag...

Natural language understanding systems have to exploit various kinds of knowledge in order to represent the meaning behind texts. Getting this knowledge in place is often such a huge enterprise that it is tempting to look for systems that can discover such knowledge automatically. We describe how the distinction between conceptual and linguistic semantics may assist in reaching this objective, ...

Interpersonal variability in understanding linguistic probabilities can adversely affect decision making. Using the fact that everyone judges canonical probability events similarly in a manner consistent with axiom systems that yield a probability measure, we developed and tested a method for comparing the meanings of probability phrases across individuals. An experiment demonstrated that despi...

Natural language understanding systems have to exploit various kinds of knowledge to be able to represent the meaning behind texts. Getting this knowledge in place is often such a huge enterprise that it is tempting to look for systems that can discover such knowledge automatically. In this paper, we describe how the distinction between conceptual and linguistic semantics probably can assist in...

We propose a computational model of situated language comprehension based on the Indexical Hypothesis that generates meaning representations by translating amodal linguistic symbols to modal representations of beliefs, knowledge, and experience external to the linguistic system. This Indexical Model incorporates multiple information sources, including perceptions, domain knowledge, and short-te...

translation is an active process in which a meaning is transferred from a source to a target language. during this process, meaning must have accordance with two main semantic sub-systems: signification and evaluation. signification is related to a signified unit of a linguistic sign and its encompassing properties known as seme. however, evaluation includes a range of different actualizations ...

We present the first extension of the DataOriented Parsing paradigm (Bod 1998a) to Natural Language Generation: Unmediated Data-Oriented Generation, or UDOG. It is “unmediated” because instead of using a logic-like amodal representation of meaning as a basis for semantics (Van den Berg et al 1994), it exploits direct connections between exemplars in linguistic and nonlinguistic (in this case vi...

Situated models of meaning ground words in the non-linguistic context, or situation, to which they refer. Applying such models to sports video retrieval requires learning appropriate representations for complex events. We propose a method that uses data mining to discover temporal patterns in video, and pair these patterns with associated closed captioning text. This paired corpus is used to tr...