OBJECTIVE To analyze the implications for therapeutic advances in the treatment of sepsis and septic shock based on the mechanisms underlying the response to microbial infection. DATA SOURCES Clinical trials and experimental models designed to determine the key mechanisms involved in cellular and molecular processes of inflammatory reactions. STUDY SELECTION Analyses of normal immune reacti...

Microbial lipases are an important group of biotechnologically valuable enzymes, because of the versatility of their applied properties and ease of mass production. Lipases of microbial origin are widely diversified in their enzymatic properties and substrate specificity, which make them very attractive for industrial applications. This review describes the applications of microbial lipases in ...

A smartphone-utilized biosensor was developed for detecting microbial spoilage on ground beef, without using antibodies, microbeads or any other reagents, towards a preliminary screening tool for microbial contamination on meat products, and potentially towards wound infection. Escherichia coli K12 solutions (10(1)-10(8) CFU/mL) were added to ground beef products to simulate microbial spoilage....

Microbial products, such as CpG DNA and LPS, enhance class II MHC (MHC-II) expression and Ag presentation by dendritic cells, but this effect does not occur with macrophages and is largely unexplored in B cells. Although MHC-II expression is influenced by transcriptional regulation, which is governed by class II transactivator (CIITA) in all cells, microbial products enhance MHC-II expression b...

A microbial polysaccharide (glucuronoxylomannan (GXM)) exerts potent immunosuppression by direct engagement to immunoinhibitory receptor FcgammaRIIB. Activation of FcgammaRIIB by GXM leads to the recruitment and phosphorylation of SHIP that prevents IkappaBalpha activation. The FcgammaRIIB blockade inhibits GXM-induced IL-10 production and induces TNF-alpha secretion. GXM quenches LPS-induced T...

Microbial transformation has been successfully applied in the production of steroid intermediates with therapeutic use and commercial value in pharmaceutical industry due to its high regio- and stereo-selectivity. As such, it is still important to screen microbial strains with novel activity or more efficient abilities in the development of the commercial steroid industry. Biotransformation of ...

AIMS This study evaluates the microbial ecology of 'Alheira' by traditional microbiological analysis and a PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) protocol. METHODS AND RESULTS Total microbial DNA from 'Alheiras' was extracted directly from the products and subjected to PCR using Eubacterial primers for 16S rDNA. The amplicons were separated by DGGE. The results demonstrated that d...

The photolytic and microbial degradation of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP), a metabolite of the insecticide chlorpyrifos and the herbicide triclopyr, has been investigated. TCP (80 mg/L) was decomposed to nondetectable levels within 2 h of ultraviolet irradiation. Release of CO2 and chloride ion was observed; however, approximately 60% of the initial radioactivity remained in the solution. D...

in this study, the antimicrobial effect of sea cucumber extract (0.5, 1 and 2%) on the microbial population of rainbow trout fillets during refrigerated storage was examined. fillets were stored for 16 days and every 4 days microbial tests (including total bacterial load, pseudomonas, enterobacteriaceae and h2s producing bacteria) were performed on the samples. results showed that there was no ...